Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 37-47 , January 2000

Sitting biomechanics, Part II: Optimal car driver's seat and optimal driver's spinal model

Received 8 January 1999 ,Revised 26 January 1999

References 

  1. Damkot DK, Pope MH, Lord J, Frymoyer JW. The relationship between work history, work environment and low-back pain in men. Spine. 1984;9:395–399
  2. Majeske C, Buchanan C. Quantitative description of two sitting postures. Phys Ther. 1984;64:1531–1533
  3. Anderson GBJ, Chaffin DB, Pope MH. Occupational biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In:  Pope MH,  Anderson GBJ,  Frymoyer JW,  Chaffin DB editor. Occupational low back pain. St Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1991;p. 20–43
  4. Hildebrandt V. Back pain in working populations. Ergonomics. 1995;38:1283–1298
  5. Kelsey JL. An epidemiological study of acute herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1975;14:144–159
  6. Kelsey JL, Hardy RJ. Driving of motor vehicles as a risk factor for acute herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102:63–73
  7. Krause N. Driving motor vehicles—a risk for low back pain and herniated lumbar discs? A review of the literature. Center for Municipal Occupational Health and Safety and School of Public Health. University of California-Berkeley; 1991;
  8. Netterstrom B, Juel K. Low back trouble among urban bus drivers in Denmark. Scand J Soc Med. 1989;17:203–206
  9. Polatin PB. Predictors of low back pain disability. In:  White AH,  Anderson RT editor. Conservative care of back pain. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 1991;p. 265–273
  10. Rossignol M, Suissa S, Abenhaim L. Working disability due to occupational back pain: three year follow up of 2,300 compensated workers in Quebec. J Occup Med. 1988;30:502–505
  11. Rosegger R, Rossegger S. Health effects of tractor driving. J Argic Eng Res. 1960;5:241–276
  12. Backman AL, Jarvinen E. Turnover of professional drivers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1983;9:36–41
  13. Andersson BJG, Ortengren R, Nachemson A, Elfstrom G. Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. IV studies on a car driver's seat. Scand J Rehab Med. 1974;6:128–133
  14. Jurgens HW. Seat pressure distribution. Coll Antropol. 1997;21:359–366
  15. Brienza DM, Chung KC, Brubaker CE, Wang J, Karg TE, Lin CT. A system for the analysis of seat support surfaces shape control and simultaneous measurement of applied pressures. IEEE Transact Rehabil Engin. 1996;4:103–113
  16. Fishbein WI, Salter LC. The relationship between truck and tractor driving and disorders of the spine and supporting structures. Indust Med Surg. 1950;19:444–445
  17. Rosegger R, Rosegger A. Arbeitmedizinisch erkenntnisse beim schlepperfahren. Lantechn. 1960;2:3–65
  18. Miwa T, Yonekawa Y. Evaluation methods for sinusoidal vibrations [in Japanese]. J Acoustical Soc Japan. 1971;27:11–20
  19. Dupuis H, Christ W. Untersuchung der moglichkeit von gesundheits-schadigungen, bereich der wirbelsaule bei schlepperfahren. Max Palnk Inst, Bad Kreuznach; 1972; Heft A 72/2
  20. Gruber GJ, Ziperman HH. Relationship between whole-body vibration and morbidity patterns among motor coach operators. Washington, DC: HEW (NOISH); 1974;
  21. Heide R, Seidel H. Folgen langzeiter beruflicher ganzkoerpervibrationsexposition. Z ges Hyg. 1978;245:153–159
  22. Gearhart JR. Response of the skeletal system to helicopter unique vibration. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1978;49:253–256
  23. Okada A. Sense of vibration of man [in Japanese]. J Soc Auto Eng Japan. 1980;34:443–450
  24. Wilder DG, Woodworth BB, Frymoyer JW, Pope MH. Vibration and the human spine. Spine. 1982;7:243–254
  25. Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW, Pope MH. The effects of vibration on seated individuals. Automedica. 1985;6:5–35
  26. Yoshida Y, Machida N. Physiological and psychological responses to low frequency whole-body vertical vibration in man [in Japanese]. Jap J Erg. 1985;21:117–124
  27. Seidel H, Heide R. Long term effects of whole body vibration: a critical survey of the literature. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1986;58:1–26
  28. Heliovaara M. Occupation and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc or sciatica leading to hospitalization. J Chronic Diseases. 1987;40:259–264
  29. Bovenzi M, Zadini A. Self-reported low back symptoms in urban bus drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Spine. 1992;17:1048–1059
  30. Pope MH, Wilder DG, Jorneus L, Broman H, Svensson M, Andersson G. The response of seated human to sinusoidal vibration and impact. J Biomech Eng. 1987;109:279–284
  31. Panjabi MM, Andersson GBJ, Jorneus L, Hult E, Mattsson L. In vivo measurements of spinal column vibrations. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68A:695–702
  32. Althoff I, Brinckmann P, Frobin W, Sandover J, Burton K. An improved method of stature measurement for quantitative determination of spinal loading. Application to sitting postures and whole-body vibration. Spine. 1992;17:682–693
  33. Liu JZ, Kubo M, Aoki H, Liu N, Kou PH, Suzuki T. A study on the difference of human sensation evaluation to whole-body vibration in sitting and lying postures. Appl Human Sci. 1995;14:219–226
  34. Magnusson ML, Pope MH, Wilder DG, Areskoug B. Are occupational drivers at an increased risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders?. Spine. 1996;21:710–717
  35. Pope MH, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW. Vibration as an aetiologic factor in low back pain. In: Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference on Engineering Aspects of the Spine, Westminister, London. May 1980;
  36. Dieckmann D. Einfluss vertikaler mechanischer schwingungen auf den menschen. Internat Zeitschr Ang Physiol. 1957;16:519–564
  37. Coermann RR. The mechanical impedance of the human body in sitting and standing position at low frequencies. Human Factors. 1962;4:227–253
  38. Christ W, Dupuis H. Uber die beanspruchung der wirbelsaule unter dem einfluss sinusformiger und stochastischer schwingungen. Internat Zeitschr Ang Physiol. 1966;22:258–278
  39. Seidel H. Myoelectric reactions to ultra-low frequency and low-frequency whole-body vibrations. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1988;57:558–562
  40. Seroussi RE, Wilder DG, Pope MH. Trunk muscle electromyography and whole-body vibration. J Biomech. 1989;22:219–229
  41. Sandover J, Dupuis H. A reanalysis of spinal motion during vibration. Ergonomics. 1987;30:975–985
  42. Brinckmann P, Biggermann M, Hilweg D. Fatigue fracture of human lumbar vertebrae. Clin Biomech. 1988;(Suppl 1):S1–S23
  43. Hansson TH, Keller TS, Spengler DM. Mechanical behavior of the human lumbar spine. II. Fatigue strength during dynamic compressive loading. J Orthop Res. 1987;5:479–487
  44. Froom P, Froom J, Van Dyke D. Lytic spondylolisthesis in helicopter pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1984;55:556–557
  45. Videman T, Nurminen M, Troup JDG. Lumbar spinal pathology in cadaveric material in relation to history of back pain, occupation, and physical loading. Spine. 1990;15:728–740
  46. Harrison DD, Harrison SO, Harrison DE, Troyanovich SJ. Sitting biomechanics part I: review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:594–609
  47. Fubini E. The interaction between technical requirements and comfort in car seating. Coll Anthropol. 1997;21:405–427
  48. Reinecke SM, Hazard RG, Coleman K. Continuous passive motion in seating: a new strategy against low back pain. J Spinal Disord. 1994;7:29–35
  49. Hosea TM, Simon SR, Delatizky J, Wong MA, Hsieh CC. Myoelectric analysis of the paraspinal musculature in relation to automobile driving. Spine. 1986;11:928–936
  50. Occhipinti E, Colombini D, Molteni G, Grieco A. Criteria for the ergonomic evaluation of work chairs. Medicina del Lavoro. 1993;84:274–285
  51. SAE . Society of Automotive Engineers motor vehicle seating manual. SAE J. 1980; 782-02, Warrendale, (PA)
  52. Bellina G. Evolution of the car seat as a system. In: Proceedings of 4th International ATA Conference. New design frontiers for more efficient, reliable, and ecological vehicles. Florence, Italy. Mar 1994;p. 16–18
  53. Akioka T, Harada H, Katsuura T, Kikuchi Y. Ergonomic evaluation of automobile driver's seat. In: Proc Intern Congress on Physiological Anthropology Kiel. 1994;
  54. Cole S. Vibration and linear acceleration. In:  Singleton WT editors. The body at work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1982;
  55. Harrison DD, Calliet R, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE. Elliptical modeling of the sagittal lumbar lordosis and segmental rotation angles as a method to discriminate between normal and low back pain subjects. J Spinal Disord. 1998;11:430–439
  56. Schoberth H. Sitzhaltung, sitzschaden, sitzmobel. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1962;
  57. Keegan JJ. Alterations of the lumbar curve related to posture and seating. J Bone Joint Surg. 1953;35A:589–603
  58. Lord MJ, Small JM, Dinsay JM, Watkins RG. Lumbar lordosis. Effects of sitting and standing. Spine. 1997;22:2571–2574
  59. Andersson BJG, Ortengren R, Nachemson A, Elfstrom G. Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. I. Studies on an experimental chair. Scand J Rehab Med. 1974;6:104–114
  60. Andersson BJG, Ortengren R, Nachemson A, Elfstrom G. Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. II. Studies on an office chair. Scand J Rehab Med. 1974;6:115–121
  61. Andersson BJG, Ortengren R. Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting. III. Studies on a wheel chair. Scand J Rehab Med. 1974;6:122–127
  62. Yasukouchi A, Isayama T. The relationships between lumbar curves, pelvic tilt, and joint mobilities in different sitting postures in young adults. Appl Human Sci. 1995;14:15–21
  63. Stokes IAF, Avery JM. Influence of the hamstring muscles on lumbar spine curvature in sitting. Spine. 1980;5:525–528
  64. Bridger RS, Wilkinson D, Houweninge van T. Hip joint mobility and spinal angles in standing and in different sitting postures. Human Factors. 1989;31:229–241
  65. Williams M, Lissner HR. Biomechanics of human motion. In: Philadelphia: Saunders; 1977;p. 90–92
  66. Snijders CJ, Hoek van Duke GA, Roosch ER. A biomechanical model for the analysis of the cervical spine in static posture. J Biomech. 1991;24:783–792
  67. de Wall M, van Riel MPJM, Aghina JCFM, Burdorf A, Snijders CJ. Improving sitting posture of CAD/CAM workers by increasing VDU monitor working height. Ergonomics. 1992;35:427–436
  68. Vital JM, Senegas J. Anatomical bases of the study of the constraints to which the cervical spine is subject in the sagittal plane. A study of the center of gravity of the head. Surg Rad Anat. 1986;8:169–173
  69. Aaras A. The impact of ergonomic intervention on individual health and corporate prosperity in a telecommunications environment. Ergonomics. 1994;37:1679–1696
  70. Troyanovich SJ, Calliet R, Janik TJ, Harrison DD, Harrison DE. Radiographic mensuration characteristics of the sagittal lumbar spine from a normal population with a method to synthesize prior studies of lordosis. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10:380–386
  71. Janik TJ, Harrison DD, Calliet R, Troyanovich SJ, Harrison DE. Can the sagittal lumbar curvature be closely approximated by an ellipse?. J Orthop Res. 1998;16:766–770
  72. Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Holland B. Comparisons of lordotic cervical spine curvatures to a theoretical ideal model of the static sagittal cervical spine. Spine. 1996;21:667–675
  73. Harrison DD, Janik TJ, Troyanovich SJ, Harrsion DE, Colloca CJ. Evaluation of the assumptions used to derive an ideal normal cervical spine model. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;10:202–213
  74. Harrison DD, Janik TJ. Clinical validation of an ideal normal static cervical spine model. In:  Witten M editors. Computational medicine, public health, and biotechnology. Vol 2:Austin (TX): World Scientific Publishing; 1995;p. 1047–1056
  75. Janik TJ, Harrison DD. Prediction of 2-D static normal position of the cervical spine from mathematical modeling. In:  Witten M editors. Computational medicine, public health, and biotechnology. Vol 2:Austin (TX): World Scientific Publishing; 1995;p. 1035–1046
  76. Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Troyanovich SJ. Reliability of spinal displacement analysis on plane x-rays: a review of commonly accepted facts and fallacies with implications for chiropractic education and technique. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:252–266
  77. Foreman SM, Croft AC. Whiplash injuries: the cervical acceleration/deceleration syndrome. 1st ed. Baltimore (MD): Willaims & Wilkins; 1988;
  78. Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Bechtol CO. Controlled automobile rear-end collisons, an investigation of related engineering and mechanical phenomenon. Can Services Med J. 1955;11:727–758
  79. Severy DM, Mathewson JH. Automobile barrier and rear-end collison performance. In: Paper presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers summer meeting Atlantic City, NJ. June 8–13; 1958;
  80. Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Bechtol CO. Controlled automobile rear-end collisons—an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena. In: Medical aspects of traffic accidents, Proceedings of the Montreal Conference, Nov. 1956. p. 152–84.
  81. Nygren A. Injuries to car occupants—some aspects of interior safety of cars. Acta Oto-Larygologica. 1984;395(suppl):1–164
  82. Hohl M. Soft tissue injuries to the neck. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1975;109:42–49
  83. Thomas C, Faverjou G, Hartemann F, et al.  Protection against rear-end accidents. In: Proceedings of the 7th International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, Brou, France. 1982; 17
  84. Larder DR, Twiss MK, Mackay GM. Neck injury to car occupants using seat belts. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Congress of the American Association for Automotive Medicine. 1985;p. 153–165
  85. Nygren A, Gustafsson H, Tingvall C. Effects of different types of head restraints in rear-end collisions. In: 10th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oxford, England. 1985;p. 85–90
  86. Romilly DP, Thomson RW, Navin FPD, Macnabb MJ. Low speed rear impacts and the elastic properties of automobiles. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Experimental Safety Vehicles, Gothenburg. May/June 1–14, 1989;
  87. Hu AA, Bean SP, Zimmerman RM. Response of belted dummy and cadaver to rear impact. SAE 770929. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automobile Engineers. 1977;p. 587–635
  88. Berton RJ. Whiplash: tests of the influential variables. In: SAE 680080, Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, MI. Jan, 1968;
  89. Foret-Bruno JY, Tarriere C, LeCoz JY, et al. Rish of cervical lesions in realworld and simulated collisions. 34th AAAM Conference Proceedings, Scottsdale, Ariz; 1990. p. 373.
  90. Olsson I, Bunkertop O. An in-depth study of neck injuries in rear end collisions. In: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact (IRCOBI); 1990;p. 269
  91. Severy DM, Brink HM, Baird JD. Preliminary findings of head support designs. In: SAE 670921 in Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. 1967;
  92. McConnell WE, Howard RP, Poppel JV, et al.  Human head and neck kinematic after low velocity rear-end impacts: understanding “whiplash.”. In: 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings 952724. 1995;p. 215–238
  93. Status Report. Special issue: head restraints. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 1997;32:1–8
  94. West DH, Gough JP, Harper TK. Low speed collision testing using human subjects. Accid Reconstr J. 1993;5:22–26
  95. Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts. In: 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings. SAE paper 973340. 1997;p. 339–356
  96. Siegmund GP, King DJ, Lawrence JM, Wheeler JB, Brault JR, Smith TA. Head/neck kinematic response of human subjects in low-speed rear-end collisions. SAE Technical Paper 973341 In: 1997;p. 357–385
  97. Strother CE, James MB. Evaluation of seat back strength and seat belt effectiveness in rear end impacts. In: Proceedings, 31 Stapp Car Crash Conference SAE 872214, Detroit, MI, Society of Automotive Engineers. 1987;
  98. Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. In: Proceedings, 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE 670919. Detroit MI: Society of Atuomotive Engineers; 1967;
  99. Croft AC. Biomechanics. In:  Foreman SM,  Croft AC editor. Whiplash injuries: the cervical acceleration/deceleration syndrome. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 1988;p. 68–69
  100. Mitzkus JE, Eyrainer H. Three-point belt improvements for increasing occupant protection. SAE. 1984;141:245
  101. Linder A, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Flogard A, Haland Y, Jakobsson L, et al.  The new neck design for rear-end impact dummy, BioRID I. In: 42nd Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1998;p. 179–192
  102. Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Simulation of whiplash trauma using whole cervical spine specimens. Spine. 1998;23:17–24
  103. Holm S, Nachemson A. Variations in the nutrition of the canine intervertebral disc induced by motion. Spine. 1983;8:866–874
  104. Grandjean E. Fitting the task to the man. 3rd ed. London: Taylor and Francis; 1980;
  105. Hetzberg HTE. Comfort tests of a pulsating seat cushion and lumbar pad. MCREXD 695–82. Air Material Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 1949;

☆ Submit reprint requests to: Donald D. Harrison, PhD, DC, Chiropractic BioPhysics Nonprofit, Inc, 210 Bent Oak Circle, Harvest, AL 35749.

PII: S0161-4754(00)90112-X

doi: 10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90112-X

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 37-47 , January 2000

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution