Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 24, Issue 6 , Pages 407-424 , July 2001

Chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions: Characterizing the literature

Received 12 July 2000

References 

  1. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research . Acute low back problems in adults. Rockville (MD): : US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, AHCPR; 1994;
  2. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brock RH. Spinal manipulation for low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:590–598
  3. Shekelle PG. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low back pain. Chiropr Tech. 1992;4:5–7
  4. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Park RE, Phillips RB, et al.  The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low back pain: indications and ratings by an all-chiropractic expert panel. Santa Monica (CA): : Rand; 1991;
  5. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Phillips RB, Brook RH. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low back pain: project overview and literature review. Santa Monica (CA): : Rand; 1991;
  6. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Phillips RB, Brook RH. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low back pain: indications and ratings by an all-chiropractic expert panel. Santa Monica (CA): : Rand; 1991;
  7. In:  Haldeman S,  Chapman-Smith D,  Peterson DM editor. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg (MD): : Aspen Publishers; 1993;
  8. Cooperstein R. Council on technique. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1996;61:37–38
  9. Gatterman MJ, Cooperstein R, Lantz C, Schneider M, Forrester JI. Rating chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions: a process for guidelines development. In: Presented at the World Federation of Chiropractic. 5th Biennial Congress. Auckland, New Zealand. 1999;
  10. Hoffman RM, Kent DL, Deyo RA. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of thermography for lumbar radiculopathy. A meta-analysis. (see comments) Spine. 1991;16:623–628
  11. Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for low back pain. An updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine. 1996;21:2860–2871
  12. Brunarski D. Clinical trials of spinal manipulation: a critical appraisal and review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7:243–249
  13. Assendelft WJ, Koes BW, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. The effectiveness of chiropractic for treatment of low back pain: an update and attempt at statistical pooling. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:499–507
  14. Gatterman M, Cooperstein R, Forrester J, Lantz C, Perle S, Schneider M. Rating chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001; In press
  15. Bronfort G. Chiropractic versus general medical treatment of low back pain: a small scale controlled clinical trial. Am J Chiropr Med. 1989;2:145–150
  16. Meade TW, Dyer S, Browne W, Townsend J, Fran AO. Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomized comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment. Br Med J. 1990;300:1431–1437
  17. Sackett D, Richarson W, Rosenberg W, Haynes R. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. New York: : Churchill Livingstone; 1997;
  18. In:  Fisher M editors. Guide to clinical preventive services. Baltimore (MD): : Williams & Wilkins; 1989;
  19. Rosner T. The big picture of research: the limitations and politics of randomized clinical trials. Dynamic Chiropr. 1999;17:20–21
  20. Hansen DT. Prospects for the future of chiropractic guidelines. In:  Lawrence D editors. Advances in chiropractic. Chicago: : Mosby-Year Book; 1994;p. 417–451
  21. Sagan C. Broca's brain: reflections on the romance of science. New York: : Ballantine; 1993;
  22. Horwitz AD, Hosek RS, Codario R. Making the case of chiropractic referrals. Manag Care. 1995;4:33–34
  23. Pustaver MR. Mechanical low back pain: etiology and conservative management. (see comments) J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:376–384
  24. Kilvaer A, Rasmussen G, Soot T, Kalvenes S. A comparison between referred and nonreferred patients in chiropractic practices in Norway. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;9:118–125
  25. Saag KG. Health services research. (see comments) Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1997;9:118–125
  26. Tuchin PJ, Bonello R. Preliminary findings of analysis of chiropractic utilization and cost in the workers' compensation system of New South Wales, Australia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:503–511
  27. Manga P. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of chiropractic management of low-back pain. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: : Kenilworth Publishing; 1993;
  28. Smith R. Where is the wisdom…? The poverty of medical evidence. Br Med J. 1991;303:798–799
  29. Anonymous . Manipulation in lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Chin Med J. 1977;3:31–36
  30. Arthur BE, Nykoliation JW, et al.  Adult idiopathic scoliosis-a review and case-study. Eur J Chiropr. 1986;34:46–53
  31. Barrale R, Filson R. A study of chiropractic adjusting utilizing a novel passive extension table position. In: Conference Proceedings of the Chiropractic Centennial Foundations. 1995;p. 355
  32. Beattle P. The use of an electric approach for the treatment of low back pain: a case study. Phys Ther. 1992;72:923–928
  33. BenEliyahu DJ. Infrared thermographic assessment of chiropractic treatment in patients with lumbar disc herniations: an observational study. Chiropr Tech. 1991;3:126–133
  34. BenEliyahu DJ. Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical follow-up: study of 27 patients receiving chiropractic care for cervical and lumbar disc herniations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:597–606
  35. Blomberg S, Halling G, Grann K, Berg E, Sennerby U. Manual therapy with steroid injections: a new approach to treatment of low back pain: a controlled multicenter trial with an evaluation by orthopedic surgeons. Spine. 1994;19:569–577
  36. Blomberg S, Svardsudd K, Mildenberger F. A controlled, multicentre trial of manual therapy in low back pain. Initial status, sick-leave and pain score during follow-up. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1992;10:170–178
  37. Blomberg S, Svardsudd K, Tibblin G. Manual therapy with steroid injections in low-back pain. Improvement of quality of life in a controlled trial with four months' follow-up. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1993;11:83–90
  38. Blomberg S, Svardsudd K, Tibblin G. A randomized study of manual therapy with steroid in jections in low-back pain: functional variables, side effects and complications during four months follow-up. Clin Rehabil. 1993;7:49–62
  39. Boesler D, Warner M, Alpers A, Finnerty EP, Kilmore MA. Efficacy of high-velocity low-amplitude manipulative technique in subjects with low-back pain during menstrual cramping. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993;93:203–214
  40. Brennan PC, Graham MA, Triano JJ, Hondras MA, Anderson RJ. Lymphocyte profiles in patients with chronic low back pain enrolled in a clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:219–227
  41. Broderick G. Orthopedic medicine in general practice: survey of 244 cases seen over a year. N Z Med J. 1972;75:155–158
  42. Bronfort G, Goldsmith CH, Nelson CF, Boline PD, Anderson AV. Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:570–582
  43. Browning JE. Uncomplicated mechanically induced pelvic pain and organic dysfunction in low back pain patients. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1991;35:149–155
  44. Cassidy JD, Potter GE, et al.  Manipulative management of back pain in patients with spondylolisthesis. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1978;22:15–20
  45. Cassidy JD. Post-traumatic sacroiliac join arthrosis: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1980;22:15–20
  46. Cassidy JD, Thiel HW, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Side posture manipulation for lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:96–103
  47. Chinappi ASJ, Getzoff H. Chiropractic/dental cotreatment oflumbosacral pain with temporomandibular joint involvement. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:607–612
  48. Cibulka M. The treatment of the sacroiliac joint component to low back pain: a case report. Phys Ther. 1992;72:917–922
  49. Cibulka M, Delitto A, Koldehoff RM. Changes in innominate tilt after manipulation of the sacroiliac joint in patients with low back pain. Phys Ther. 1988;68:1359–1363
  50. Cibulka M, Rose SJ, Delitto A, Sinacore DR. Hamstring muscle strain treated by mobilizing the sacroiliac join. Phys Ther. 1986;66:1220–1223
  51. Côté P, Mior SA. Effect and duration of spinal manipulative therapy on pain/pressure thresholds in chronic mechanical lumbo-sacral back pain. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Chicago (IL): : FCER; 1992;p. 55
  52. Côté P, Mior SA, Vernon H. The short-term effect of a spinal manipulation on pain/pressure threshold in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:364–368
  53. Cox J. The lumbar disc syndrome: a chiropractic evaluation. Digest Chiropr Economics. 1978;18–102
  54. Cox J. The lumbar disc syndrome: a chiropractic evaluation. Digest Chiropr Economics. 1978;Part II:21–24
  55. Cox J. Lumbosacral disc protrusion: a case report. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8:261–266
  56. Cox J, Fromelt KA, Shreiner S. Chiropractic statistical survey of 100 consecutive low back pain patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6:117–128
  57. Cox JM. Low back pain: recent statistics and data on its mechanism, diagnosis and treatment from chiropractic manipulation. ACA J Chiropr. 1979;16:S125–S141
  58. Cox JM. Scoliosis: diagnosis, detection, treatment. ACA J Chiropr. 1986;20:45–51
  59. Cox JM, Aspergen DD. Degenerative spondyloarthrosis with scoliosis of the lumbar spine-diagnosis and treatment: a case report. Digest Chiropr Economics. 1986;132–137
  60. Cox JM, Feller JA. Distraction chiropractic adjusting: Clinical application and outcomes of 1,000 cases. Topics Clin Chiropr. 1996;3:45–57
  61. Cox JM, Feller JA. Chiropractic treatment of low back pain: a multicenter descriptive analysis of presentation and outcome in 424 consecutive cases. J Neuromusculo System. 1996;2:178–190
  62. Cox JM, Hazen LJ, Mungovan M. Distraction manipulation reduction of an L5-S1 disk herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:342–346
  63. Cox JM, Trier K. Chiropractic adjustment results correlated with spondylolishtesis instability. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. 1991;p. 60–62
  64. Coxhead C. A clinical trial of the management of sciatica with or without low back pain. Physiother. 1974;60:72–74
  65. Coxhead C, Inskip H, Meade TW, North WR, Troup JD. Multicentre trial of physiotherapy in the management of sciatic symptoms. Lancet. 1981;1:1065–1068
  66. Coyer A, Curwen I. Low back pain treated by manipulation. A controlled series. Br Med J. 1955;19:705–707
  67. Cramer GD, Humphreys CR. The Hmax/Mmax ratio as an outcome measure for acute low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:7–13
  68. Daly JM, Frame PS, Rapoza PA. Sacroiliac subluxation: a common, treatable cause of low-back pain in pregnancy. Fam Pract Res J. 1991;11:149–159
  69. Davis CG, Fernando CA, et al.  Manipulation of the low back under general anesthesia: case studies and discussion. J Neuromusculo System. 1993;1:126–134
  70. de Franca GG, Levine LJ. The quadratus lumborum and low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:142–149
  71. Delitto A, Cibulka MT, Erhard RE, Bowling RW, Tenhula JA. Evidence for use of an extension-mobilization category in acute low back syndrome: a prescriptive validation pilot study-including commentary by Williams M, McKenzie RA, and Farrell JP with author response. Phys Ther. 1993;73:216–228
  72. Deutsch FE. Isolated lumbar strengthening in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:124–133
  73. Dreyer P, Lantz CA. Chiropractic management of a herniated disc, reduction of disc protrusion and maintenance of disc integrity as substantiated by MRI. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Arlington ( VA): : FCER; 1991;p. 57–59
  74. DuPriest CM. Nonoperative management of lumbar spinal stenosis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:411–414
  75. Dutro CL, Meeker WC, et al. The efficacy of flexion-traction manipulation and inverted gravity traction for the treatment of idiopathic low back pain. Transactions of the Pacific Consortium for Chiropractic Research: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Research and Education, PCCR CCA: A6-4.
  76. Ebrall PS. Residual disability from delayed manipulative treatment for mechanical low-back pain: a case review. Chiropr J Australia. 1993;23:54–58
  77. Edwards B. Low back pain and pain resulting from lumbar spine conditions. Aust J Physiother. 1969;15:104–110
  78. Erhard R, Delitto A, Cibulka MT. Relative effectiveness of an extension program and a combined program of manipulation and flexion and extension exercises in patients with acute low back syndrome. Phys Ther. 1994;74:1093–1100
  79. Eriksen K. Effects of upper cervical correction on chronic constipation. Chiropr Res J. 1994;3:19–22
  80. Evans DP, Burke MS, Lloyd KN, Roberts EE, Roberts GM. Lumbar spinal manipulation on trial. Part I: clinical assessment. Rheumatol Rehab. 1978;17:46–53
  81. Falk JW. Bowel and bladder dysfunction secondary to lumbar dysfunction syndrome. Chiropr Tech. 1990;2:45–48
  82. Farrell J, Twomey L. Acute low back pain. Comparison of two conservative treatment approaches. Med J Aust. 1982;1:160–164
  83. Ferezy JS. Chiropractic management of meralgia paresthetica: a case report. Chiropr Tech. 1989;1:52–56
  84. Fisher HW. Acute low back pain treated by spinal manipulation and electronic acupuncture. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:199–202
  85. Fisk J. Manipulation in general practice. N Z Med J. 1971;74:172–175
  86. Fisk J. A controlled trial of manipulation in a selected group of patients with low back pain favouring one side. N Z Med J. 1979;90:288–291
  87. Foster A, Ferrel R. Spondylolishtesis in today's chiropractic: a case report. ACA J Chiropr. 1979;27:73–74
  88. Francis R. Spinal manipulation under anesthesia. Am Chiropr. 1995;33–34
  89. Gemmel HA. Treatment of chronic low back pain with low force manipulation. Chiropr J Aust. 1992;22:54–59
  90. Gemmel HA, Heng BJ. Correction of sacroiliac fixation by a low force sustained pressure method. Am Chiropr. 1987;28–32
  91. Gemmel HA, Jacobson BH, et al.  Effectiveness of Toftness sacral apex adjustments in correcting fixation of the sacroiliac joint: preliminary report. Am J Chiropr Med. 1990;3:5–8
  92. Gemmel H, Jacobson B. The immediate effect of activator vs meric adjustment on acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:453–456
  93. Glover JR, Morris JC, Khosla T. Back pain: a randomized clinical trial of rotational manipulation of the trunk. Br J Industrial Med. 1974;31:59–64
  94. Gluck N. Passive care and active rehabilitation in a patient with failed back surgery syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1974;19:41–47
  95. Godfrey C, Morgan PP, Schatzker J. A randomized trial of manipulation for low-back pain in a medical setting. Spine. 1984;9:301–304
  96. Gray F. Combination of traction and manipulation for the lumbar disc syndrome. Med J Aust. 1967;1:958–961
  97. Grieve G. Congress lecture: manipulation. Physiother. 1975;61:11–18
  98. Grimston SK, Shaw LD, et al.  Muscular rehabilitation and chiropractic therapy for the treatment of sacro-iliac subluxations in female runners. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Washington (DC): : FCER; 1989;p. 33–36
  99. Hadler NM, Curtis P, Gillings DB, Stinnett S. A benefit of spinal manipulation as adjunctive therapy for acute low-back pain: a stratified controlled trial. Spine. 1987;12:703–706
  100. Haldeman S, Rubinstein SM. Cauda equina syndrome in patients undergoing manipulation of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1992;17:1469–1473
  101. Haney P, Mootz R. A case report on nonresolving conservative care of low back pain and sciatic radicular syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8:109–114
  102. Hawkinson EJ, Snyder BJ, et al.  Evaluation of the Toftness system of chiropractic adjusting for the relief of acute pain of musculoskeletal origin. Chiropr Tech. 1992;4:57–60
  103. Hazen L, Cox J. Lumbar intraspinal extradural synovial cyst: a case study. J Neuromusculo System. 1993;1:167–169
  104. Herzog W, Conway PJ, et al.  Effects of different treatment modalities on gait symmetry and clinical measures for sacroiliac joint patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:104–109
  105. Hession EF, Donald GD. Treatment of multiple lumbar disk herniations in an adolescent athlete utilizing flexion distraction and rotational manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:185–192
  106. Hoehler FK, Tobis JS. Psychological factors in the treatment of back pain by spinal manipulation. Br J Rheumatol. 1983;22:206–212
  107. Hoehler FK, Tobis JS, Buerger AA. Spinal manipulation for low back pain. JAMA. 1981;245:1835–1838
  108. Hoiriis K. Case report: management of post-surgical chronic low back pain with upper cervical adjustment. Chiropr Res J. 1989;1:37–42
  109. Hsieh CY, Phillips RB, Adams AH, Pope MH. Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:4–9
  110. Hubbs E. Vertebral subluxation and premenstrual tension: a case study. Res Forum. 1986;100–102
  111. Hubka MJ, Taylor JAM, et al.  Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: chiropractic management using flexion, extension, and rotational manipulative therapy. Chiropr Tech. 1991;3:5–12
  112. Husbands DK, Pokras R. The use of flexion-distraction in a lumbosacral posterior arch defect with a lumbosacral disc protrusion: a case study. ACA J Chiropr. 1991;21–24
  113. Jayson MJ, Sims-Williams H, Young S, Baddeley H, Collins E. Mobilization and manipulation for low-back pain. Spine. 1981;6:409–416
  114. Joseph MR, Leskovec K, et al.  Lumbo-sacral disc shape and chiropractic adjustments of the lumbo-sacral joints. In: 1989 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Washington (DC): : FCER; 1989;p. 150–159
  115. King L, Mior S, et al.  Adolescent lumbar disc herniation: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1996;40:15–18
  116. Kinsinger F. A comparative study of activator methods and sacro-occipital technique in low back pain: short term effects on biomechanical measures. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. 1991;p. 87–89
  117. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Cassidy JD. Spinal manipulation in the treatment of low back pain. ACA J Chiropr. 1985;19:59–65
  118. Kitchen RD, Mierau D, et al.  Congenital dislocation of the hip and adult low back pain: a report of three cases. JCCA. 1988;32:11–15
  119. Kokjohn KD, Schmid D, et al.  Pain and prostaglandin levels in dysmenorrheic women following spinal manipulation. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Arlington (VA): : FCER; 1991;
  120. Lantz CA, Pinto A. Response of psoriatic arthritis patient to chiropractic adjustments. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Arlington (VA): FCER; 1991;p. 72–75
  121. Lawson D, Sanders G. Changes in soft tissue compliance in response to spinal manipulation using Activator, Logan Basic, and Diversified techniques. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. 1992;p. 137
  122. Lenz WF. Spondylolishthesis and spondyloptosis of the lower lumbar spine: a macrostudy. ACA J Chiropr. 1981;15:S107–S112
  123. Lewith G, Turner G. Retrospective analysis of the management of acute low back pain. Practitioner. 1982;255:1614–1618
  124. Lewith GT, Turner GMT. Retrospective analysis of the management of acute low back pain. Euro J Chiropr. 1983;31:81–85
  125. Liebl N. A new technique for back care: spinal circumduction in the knee-chest position. ACA J Chiropr. 1992;29:75–80
  126. Lindberg L. Sprain and subluxation of the right sacroiliac joint with associated muscle spasm in the right gluteal area: short report. Chiropr Tech. 1997;9:137–139
  127. Lopes MA, Plaugher G, et al.  Closed reduction of lumbar retrolisthesis: a report of 2 cases. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. (VA): Arlington; 1991;p. 110–114
  128. LuBow RR, Kent C. Sacral neurofibroma in a chiropractic patient presenting with low back and leg pain. In: ICA International Review of Chiropractic. 1992;p. 53–57
  129. MacDonald R, Bell C. An open controlled assessment of osteopathic manipulation in nonspecific low-back pain. [published erratum appears in Spine 1991;16:104] Spine. 1991;15:364–370
  130. Mathews JA, Mills SB, Jenkins VM, Grimes SM, Morkel MJ, Mathews W, et al.  Back pain and sciatica: controlled trials of manipulation, traction, sclerosant and epidural injections. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:416–423
  131. Mathews J, Yates D. Reduction of lumbar disc prolapse by manipulation. Br Med J. 1969;3:696–697
  132. Mathews W, Morkel M, et al.  Manipulation and traction for lumbago and sciatica: physiotherapeutic techniques used in two controlled trials. Physiother Pract. 1988;4:201–206
  133. Mawhiney RB. Geriatric scoliosis response to chiropractic treatment based on international scoliosis research center protocols. J Chiropr Res Clin Invest. 1994;9:81–84
  134. McIntyre IN, Broadhurst NA. Effective treatment of low back pain in pregnancy. Aust Fam Physician. 1996;25:S65–S67
  135. Menon M, Lederman L, et al.  Lumbosacral transtional vertebral instability associated with low back pain. Am J Chiropr Med. 1990;3:33–35
  136. Mierau D, Cassidy DJ, et al.  Dysplastic spondylolisthesis: a report of two cases. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1985;29:131–134
  137. Morley J. Treatment of chronic athletic injuries of the low back and lower extremity utilizing manipulation. Chiropr Sports Med. 1989;3:4–8
  138. Neal SS. The traumatic functional scoliosis. ACA J Chiropr. 1989;26:69–73
  139. Nealt CC. Conservative management of an L4-L5 left nuclear disk prolapse with a sequestrated segment. [see comments] J Manip Physiol Ther. 1992;15:318–322
  140. Nwuga V. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Physical Med. 1982;61:273–278
  141. Nykoliation J, Cassidy , et al.  Osteitis condensans illii-a sacroiliac stress phenomenon: a report of a case. JCCA. 1984;28:209–211
  142. Orpwood Price D. Manipulative methods for treating locomotor pain in general practice. J R Coll Gen Practitioners. 1971;21:214–220
  143. Osterbauer PJ, DeBoer KF, Widmaier R, Petermann E, Fuhr AW. Treatment and biomechanical assessment of patients with chronic sacroiliac joint syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:82–90
  144. Osterbauer PJ, Fuhr AW. Treatment of chronic sciatica by mechanical force, manually assisted, short lever adjusting and a video assisted stretching program: a quantitative case report. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Research and Education. (CA): Palm Springs; 1992;p. 293–295
  145. Pate DM. Facet syndrome. Case studies in clinical radiology. In: 1990;p. 87–94
  146. Pate DM. Sacroiliac sprains. Case studies in clinical radiology. In: 1990;p. 123–127
  147. Pate DM. Spondylolysis. Case studies in clinical radiology. In: 1990;p. 95–98
  148. Pate DM, Hubka MJ, et al.  Disk herniations. Case studies in clinical radiology. In: 1990;p. 105–111
  149. Plaugher G, Cox DB, et al.  Chiropractic management of spinal fractures: a report of six cases. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation. Arlington (VA): : FCER; 1991;p. 67–71
  150. Pokras R, Pail M, et al.  Palliative management of a post-polio patient: a case report. ACA J Chiropr. 1992;29:69–72
  151. Pope MH, Phillips R, Haugh LD, Hsieh CY, MacDonald L, Haldeman S. A prospective randomized three-week trial of spinal manipulation, transcutaneous muscle stimulation, massage and corset in the treatment of subacute low back pain. Spine. 1994;19:2571–2577
  152. Richards GL, Thompson JS, et al.  Low force chiropractic care of two patients with sciatic neuropathy and lumbar disc herniation. Am J Chiropr Med. 1990;3:25–32
  153. Robinson SS, Collins KF, et al.  A retrsopective study: patients with chronic low back pain managed with specific upper cervical adjustments. Chiropr Res J. 1993;2:10–15
  154. Shaw T. Chiropractic rehabilitation of the retraumatized postsurgical lumbar spine with radiculopathy. J Chiropr Res Clin Invest. 1994;9:108–111
  155. Sims-Williams H, Jayson M, et al.  Controlled trial of mobilization and manipulation for patients with low back pain in general practice. Br Med J. 1978;2:1338–1340
  156. Sims-Williams H, Jayson MI, Young SM, Baddeley H, Collins E. Controlled trial of mobilization for low back pain: hospital patients. Br Med J. 1979;2:1318–1320
  157. Stern PJ, Côté P, Cassidy JD. A series of consecutive cases of low back pain with radiating leg pain treated by chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:335–342
  158. Stude DE. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding with concomitant low back and lower extremity pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:472–477
  159. Sweat R. Correction of multiple herniated lumbar disc by chiropractic intervention. J Chiropr Case Reports. 1993;1:14–18
  160. Taylor DN. Treatment of disc herniation and fragmentation by spinal extension distraction. Chiropr Tech. 1993;5:111–118
  161. Triano JJ, McGregor M, Hondras MA, Brennan PC. Manipulative therapy versus education programs in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:948–955
  162. Vaillancourt PJ. Case report: management of post-surgical low back syndrome with upper cervical adjustment. Chiropr Res J. 1993;2:1–15
  163. Valentini E. Acute lumbar disc syndromes under chiropractic care: a two year statistical study. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1980;67–83
  164. Williams S, Penn P, et al.  A progress report of chiropractic efficacy in the treatment of chronic low back pain, neck pain, headaches and related peripheral conditions: a double blinded time-series. Chiropr Res J. 1989;1:11–21
  165. Zachman ZJ, Triana AD, et al.  A comparison of contained versus non-contained disc lesions: a case report. J Aust Chiropr Assoc. 1988;18:57–59
  166. Zhao P, Feng TY. The biomechanical significance of herniated lumbar intervertebral disk: a clinical comparison analysis of 22 multiple and 39 single segments in patients with lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:391–397

 bUniversity of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn.

☆☆ cChiropractic Physicians and Consultants Group.

 dLife Chiropractic University, Marietta, Ga.

★★ ePrivate practice of chiropractic, Pittsburgh, Pa.

 Supported by a grant from the National Chiropractic Mutual Insurance Corporation administered by the Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, grant number 96-03-09.

♢♢ Submit reprint requests to: Dr Robert Cooperstein, Palmer Chiropractic College West, 90 E Tasman Ave, San Jose CA 95134.

PII: S0161-4754(01)27037-7

doi: 10.1067/mmt.2001.116422

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 24, Issue 6 , Pages 407-424 , July 2001