Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 101-109 , February 2001

Significant changes in systolic blood pressure post vectored upper cervical adjustment vs resting control groups: A possible effect of the cervicosympathetic and/or pressor reflex

Received 25 October 1999 ,Revised 7 February 2000

References 

  1. Plaugher G, Bachman TR. Chiropractic management of a hypertensive patient. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:544–549
  2. Yates RG, Lamping DL, Abram NL, Wright C. Effects of chiropractic treatment on blood pressure and anxiety: a randomized, controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:484–488
  3. McKnight ME, DeBoer KF. Preliminary study of blood pressure changes in normotensive subjects undergoing chiropractic care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:261–266
  4. Nansel D, Jansen R, Cremata E, Dhami MS, Holley D. Effects of cervical adjustments on lateral-flexion passive end-range asymmetry and on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine levels. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:450–456
  5. Goodman R. Hypertension and the atlas subluxation complex. Chiropractic. 1992;8:30–32
  6. Morgan JP, Dickey JL, Hunt HH, Hudgins PM. A controlled trial of spinal manipulation in the management of hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985;85:308–318
  7. Crawford JP, Hickson GS, Wiles MR. The management of hypertensive disease: a review of spinal manipulation and the efficacy of conservative therapeusis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9:27–32
  8. Gerber S. Workup and office management of the hypertensive patient. Osteopath Ann. 1976;4:234–244
  9. Mannino JR. The application of neurologic reflexes to the treatment of hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1979;79:47–53
  10. Tran TA, Kirby JD. The effects of upper cervical adjustment on the normal physiology of the heart. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1977;14:s59–s62
  11. Bolton PS, Kerman IA, Woodring SF, Yates BJ. Influences of neck afferents on sympathetic and respiratory nerve activity. Brain Res Bull. 1998;47:413–419
  12. Murphy BA, Dawson NJ, Slack JR. Sacroiliac joint manipulation decreases the H-reflex. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1995;35:87–94
  13. Thabe H. Electromyography as tool to document diagnostic findings and therapeutic results associated with somatic dysfunctions in the upper cervical spinal joints and sacroiliac joints. Man Med. 1986;2:53–58
  14. England RW, Deibert PW. Electromyographic studies, part I: consideration in the evaluation of osteopathic therapy. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1972;72:221–223
  15. Shambaugh P. Changes in electrical activity in muscles resulting from chiropractic adjustment: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:300–304
  16. Richmond FJR, Bakker DA, Stacey MJ. The sensorium: receptors of neck muscles and joints. In:  Peterson BW,  Richmond FJR editor. Control of head movement. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988;p. 49–62
  17. Cooperstein R, Bricker DS, Jansen R. Detection of absolute and relative left and right leg displacements as a function of head rotation: the advantages of a friction-reduction segmented table. Washington DC: Chiropractic Centennial Foundation; 1995;
  18. Karlberg M, Persson L, Magnusson M. Reduced postural control in patients with chronic cervicobrachial pain syndrome. Gait Posture. 1995;3:241–249
  19. Richmond FJR, Bakker DA. Anatomical organization and sensory receptor content of soft tissues surrounding upper cervical vertebrae in the cat. J Neurophysiol. 1982;48:49–61
  20. Bakker DA, Richmond FJR. Muscle spindle complexes in muscles around upper cervical vertebrae in the cat. J Neurophysiol. 1982;48:62–74
  21. Grostic JD. Dentate ligament-cord distortion hypothesis. Chiropr Res J. 1988;1:47–55
  22. Crowe H, Kleinman T. Upper cervical influence on the reticular system. Upper Cervical Monograph. 1991;5:12–14
  23. Knutson GA. Tonic neck reflexes, leg length inequality atlanto-occipital fat pad impingement: an atlas subluxation hypothesis. Chiropr Res J. 1997;IV:64–76
  24. Knutson G. Thermal asymmetry of the upper extremity in scalenus anticus syndrome, leg-length inequality and response to chiropractic adjustment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:476–481
  25. Knutson G. Moderation of postural distortion following upper cervical facet joint block injection: a case study. Chiropr Res J. 1998;V:28–34
  26. Seemann DC. Bilateral weight differential and functional short leg: an analysis of pre and post data after reduction of atlas subluxation. Chiropr Res J. 1993;2:33–38
  27. Seemann DC. Anatometer measurements: A field study intra- and inter-examiner reliability and pre to post changes following an atlas adjustment. Chiropr Res J. 1999;VI:7–9
  28. Nansel DD, Waldorf T, Cooperstein R. Effect of cervical adjustments on lumbar paraspinal muscle tone: evidence for facilitation of intersegmental tonic neck reflexes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:91–95
  29. Pollard H, Ward G. The effect of upper cervical or sacroiliac manipulation on hip flexion range of motion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:611–616
  30. Hinson R, Brown SH. Supine leg length differential estimation: an inter- and intra-examiner reliability study. Chiropr Res J. 1998;V:17–22
  31. Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Thijs L, Amery A. Effect of age on the hemodynamic response to posture in nonelderly hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:30–35
  32. Frey MA, Tomaselli CM, Hoffler WG. Cardiovascular responses to postural changes: differences with age for women and men. J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;34:394–402
  33. Wietlisbach V, Rickenbach M, Burnand B, Hausser D, Gutzwiller F. Combining repeated blood pressure measurements to obtain prevalences of high blood pressure. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1988;728:165–168
  34. Jamieson MJ, Webster J, Philips S, Jeffers TA, Scott AK, Robb OJ, et al.  The measurement of blood pressure: sitting or supine, once or twice?. J Hypertens. 1990;8:635–640
  35. White MJ, Carrington CA. The pressor response to involuntary isometric exercise of young and elderly human muscle with reference to muscle contractile characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1993;66:338–342
  36. Duke PC, Wade JG, Hickey RF, Larson CP. The effects of age on baroreceptor reflex function in man. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1976;23:111–123
  37. Purdy WR, Frank JJ, Oliver B. Suboccipital dermatomyotomic stimulation and digital blood flow. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1996;96:285–289
  38. Simons DG, Mense S. Understanding and measurement of muscle tone as related to clinical muscle pain. Pain. 1998;75:1–17
  39. Bonde-Petersen F, Mork AL, Nielsen E. Local muscle blood flow and sustained contractions of human arm and back muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1975;34:43–50
  40. Rowell LB, Freund PR, Hobbs SF. Cardiovascular responses to muscle ischemia in humans. Circ Res. 1981;48(Suppl 1):37–47
  41. Piepoli M, Clark AL, Coats AJS. Muscle metaboreceptors in hemodynamic, autonomic, and ventilatory responses to exercise in men. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:H1428–H1436
  42. Mitchell JH, Kaufman MP, Iwamoto GA. The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. Ann Rev Physiol. 1983;45:229–242
  43. Matsukawa K, Wall PT, Wilson LB, Mitchell JH. Reflex stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during static muscle contraction in cats. Heart Circ Physiol. 1994;267:H821–H827
  44. Solomon IC, Adamson TP. Static muscular contraction elicits a pressor reflex in the chicken. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:R759–R765
  45. Crandall CG, Stephens DP, Johnson JM. Muscle metaboreceptor modulation of cutaneous active vasodilation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:490–496
  46. Matsukawa K, Wall PT, Wilson LB, Mitchell JH. Reflex responses of renal nerve activity during isometric muscle contraction in cats. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:H1380–H1388
  47. Hollman JE, Morgan BJ. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the pressor response to static handgrip exercise. Phys Ther. 1997;77:28–36
  48. Vissing J, Iwamoto GA, Fuchs IE, Galbo H, Mitchell JH. Reflex control of glucoregulatory exercise responses by group III and IV muscle afferents. Am J Physiol. 1994;35:R824–R830
  49. Alam M, Smirk FH. Observations in man upon a blood pressure raising reflex arising from the voluntary muscles. J Physiol. 1937;89:372–383
  50. Fallentin N, Jorgensen K. Blood pressure response to low level static contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1992;64:455–459
  51. Seals DR. Influence of active muscle size on sympathetic nerve discharge during isometric contractions in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:1426–1431
  52. Vissing SF, Scherrer U, Victor RG. Stimulation of skin sympathetic nerve discharge by central command: differential control of sympathetic outflow to skin and skeletal muscle during static exercise. Circ Res. 1991;69:228–238
  53. Vissing SF, Hjortso EM. Central motor command activates sympathetic outflow to the cutaneous circulation in humans. J Physiol. 1996;492-3:931–939
  54. Saito M, Naito M, Mano T. Different responses in skin and muscle sympathetic nerve activity to static muscle contraction. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69:2085–2090
  55. Plaugher G. Skin temperature assessment for neuromusculoskeletal abnormalities of the spinal column. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:365–381
  56. Wallace H, Wallace J, Resh R. Advances in paraspinal thermographic analysis. Chiropr Res J. 1993;2:39–54
  57. Stillwagon G, Stillwagon KL. Vertebral subluxation correction and its affect on thermographic readings: a description of the advent of the Visi-therm as applied to chiropractic patient assessment. J Vertebral Subluxation Res. 1998;2:137–140
  58. Nansel D, Szlazak M. Somatic dysfunction and the phenomenon of visceral disease simulation: a probable explanation for the apparent effectiveness of somatic therapy in patients presumed to be suffering from true visceral disease. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:379–397

 Submit reprint requests to: Gary A. Knutson, DC, 840 W. 17th Street, Suite 5, Bloomington, IN 47404.

PII: S0161-4754(01)63162-2

doi: 10.1067/mmt.2001.112564

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 101-109 , February 2001