Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 26, Issue 5 , Pages 300-321 , June 2003

Several pathways in the evolution of chiropractic manipulation

  • Joseph C Keating Jr, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: Joseph C. Keating, Jr., 6135 N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
    • Homewood Professor, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Secretary and Member, Board of Directors, National Institute of Chiropractic Research, Phoenix, Ariz., USA

Received 11 December 2001

References 

  1. Anderson RT. On doctors and bonesetters in the 16th and 17th centuries. Chiropr Hist. 1983;3:10–15
  2. Dorn WH. Indian lore (crude use of chiropractic fundamentals centuries ago). Chiropr J (NCA). 1935;4(3):17–18 (Mar)
  3. Joy RJT. The natural bonesetters with special reference to the Sweet family of Rhode Island (a study of an early phase of orthopedics). Bull Hist Med. 1954;28:416–441
  4. Schiotz EH, Cyriax J. Manipulation past and present, with an extensive bibliography. London: William Heinemann; 1975;
  5. Sollmann AH, Blaurock-Busch E. Manipulative therapy of the spine (the development of “manual medicine” in Germany and Europe). Chiropr Hist. 1981;1:36–41
  6. Anderson RT. Wharton Hood MD (the rejected father of manual medicine). Arch California Chiropr Assoc. 1981;5(2):59–89 (second half)
  7. Hood W. On the so-called “bone-setting,” its nature and results. Lancet. 1871;6:304–310 (June)
  8. Hood W. On the so-called “bone-setting,” its nature and results. Lancet. 1871;7:344–349 (July)
  9. Paget J. Cases that bone-setters cure. Br Med J. 1867;I:
  10. Dagnall JC. A history of chiropody, podiatry-foot care. Br J Chiropody. 1983;48:137–183
  11. Dagnall JC. The English influence on the beginnings of American podiatry. In:  Holloway LM editors. A fast pace forward. Philadelphia: College of Podiatric Medicine; 1987;
  12. Anderson, RT. Bonesetting: a medical bone of contention. ACA J Chiropr 1981b(Oct);18(10):S89–99
  13. Taylor HH. Sir Herbert Barker (bone-setter and early advocate of “bloodless surgery”). ACA J Chiropr. 1995;32(7):27–32 (July)
  14. Barker HA. Leaves from my life. London: Hutchinson and Co; 1927;
  15. Barker H. J Osteopathy. 1925;32(4):183–186 (Apr)
  16. Palmer DD, Palmer BJ. The science of chiropractic. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Chiropractic; 1906;
  17. Mechanotherapy. JAMA 1904(Jan 2);42:57
  18. Terrett AGJ. The genius of D.D. Palmer. J Austral Chiropr Assoc. 1986;16;150–8. Reprinted as Terrett AGJ. The genius of D.D. Palmer (an exploration of the origin of chiropractic in his time). Chiropr Hist. 1991;11(1):31–38 (June)
  19. Schiller F. Spinal irritation and osteopathy. Bull Hist Med. 1971;45:250–266
  20. Terrett AGJ. The search for the subluxation (an investigation of medical literature to 1985). Chiropr Hist. 1987;7(1):28–33 (July)
  21. Trowbridge C. Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917. Kirksville (MO): Thomas Jefferson University Press; 1991;
  22. Gevitz N. The D.O.’s: osteopathic medicine in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1982;
  23. Northup GW. Osteopathic medicine: an American reformation. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Osteopathic Association; 1979;
  24. Brantingham JW, Snyder WR. Did osteopathy “borrow” the chiropractic short lever adjustment (the core of all modern manipulative techniques) without giving Palmer credit?. Chiropr Hist. 1997;17(1):41–50 (June)
  25. Gaucher-Peslherbe PL. Chiropractic: early concepts in their historical setting. Lombard (IL): National College of Chiropractic; 1993;
  26. Gielow V. Old Dad Chiro: a biography of D.D. Palmer, founder of chiropractic. Davenport (IA): Bawden Brothers; 1981;
  27. Keating, JC. The embryology of chiropractic thought. Euro J Chiropr 1991b(Dec);39(3):75–89
  28. Palmer DD. The chiropractor’s adjustor: the science, art and philosophy of chiropractic. Portland (OR): Portland Printing House; 1910;
  29. Palmer BJ. A misstatement of fact . . . and why. ICA Int Rev Chiropr. 1958;13(2):1; (Aug)
  30. Palmer, DD. The Chiropractic 1899. Number 26 (Palmer College Archives)
  31. Verdict returned upon death of Lucretia Lewis. Davenport Democrat & Leader, March 12, 1905, p. 5
  32. Zarbuck MV. Oakley Smith, D.C. (1880–1967), “Bohemian chiropractic” ad the evolution of naprapathy. J Am Chiropr. 1997;34(5):66–72 (May)
  33. Keating JC. B.J. of Davenport: the early years of chiropractic. Davenport (IA): Association for the History of Chiropractic; 1997;
  34. Palmer BJ. The philosophy, science and art of chiropractic nerve tracing: a book of four sections. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Chiropractic; 1911;
  35. Palmer BJ. An exposition of old moves: Study 1, Lesson 1. Lessons in chiropractic. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Correspondence; 1911;
  36. Palmer BJ. The philosophy of chiropractic. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Chiropractic; 1909;

    p. xvi

  37. Cooperstein R. Chiropraxis. Oakland (CA): Author; 1990;
  38. Keating JC. “Heat by nerves and not by blood:” (the first major reduction in chiropractic theory, 1903). Chiropr Hist. 1995;15(2):70–77 (Dec)
  39. Rehm WS. Legally defensible (chiropractic in the courtroom and after, 1907). Chiropr Hist. 1986;6:50–55
  40. Gillet JJ, Gaucher-Peslherbe PL. New light on the history of motion palpation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19(1):52–59 (Jan)
  41. Keating, JC. The evolution of Palmer’s metaphors and hypotheses. Philos Constructs Chiropr Profession 1992b(Sum);2(1):9–19
  42. Palmer DD. The history and philosophy of chiropractic. The Chiropractor. 1906;2(11):39–42 (Oct)
  43. Palmer DD. The chiropractor. Los Angeles: Beacon Light Printing; 1914;
  44. Keating JC, Brantingham JW, Donahue JH, Brown RA, Toomey WJ. A brief history of manipulative footcare in America, 1896–1960. Chiropr Tech. 1992;4(3):90–103 (Aug)
  45. Gibbons RW. The search for Alma Arnold (chiropractic’s forgotten woman pioneer, 1903–1938). Chiropr Hist. 1996;16(2):17–27 (Dec)
  46. Smith, RT. Letter to “Dear Friend,” 28 June 1920. (Cleveland papers, Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City)
  47. Collins, FW. Letter to Roy S. Neal, 17 October 1924. (Cleveland papers, Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City)
  48. Cleveland CS. Editor learns Spears System. Cleveland Chiropr College J. 1926;1:3; (Sept)
  49. Rehm WS. Who was who in chiropractic (a necrology). In:  Dzaman F, et al. editor. Who’s who in chiropractic, international. 2nd ed. Littleton (CO): Who’s Who in Chiropractic International Publishing; 1980;
  50. Spears LL. Spears painless system of chiropractic. Denver: Monitor Publications; 1950;
  51. Gibbons, RW. Solon Massey Langworthy: keeper of the flame during the “lost years” of chiropractic. Chiropr Hist 1981a;1:14–21
  52. Zarbuck MV. A profession for “Bohemian Chiropractic:” (Oakley Smith and the evolution of naprapathy). Chiropr Hist. 1986;6:76–82
  53. Smith OG, Langworthy SM, Paxson M. Modernized chiropractic. Cedar Rapids (IA): Laurance Press; 1906;
  54. Gillet M. Letter to the editor. National Chiropr J. 1946;16(5):58–59 (May)
  55. Swanberg H. The intervertebral foramen in man. Chicago: Chicago Scientific Publishing; 1914;
  56. Gibbons RW. Joy Loban and Andrew P. Davis (itinerant healers and “schoolmen,” 1910–1923). Chiropr Hist. 1991;11(1):22–28 (June)
  57. Gregory AA. Spinal treatment: auxiliary method of treatment. 2nd ed. Oklahoma City: Palmer–Gregory College of Chiropractic; 1912;
  58. Gibbons RW. Physician-chiropractors (medical presence in the evolution of chiropractic). Bull Hist Med. 1981;55:233–245
  59. Abrams A. Spondylotherapy: spinal concussion and the application of other methods to the spine in the treatment of disease. San Francisco: Philopolis Press; 1910;
  60. Abrams A. Spondylotherapy: physio and pharmaco-therapy and diagnostic methods based on a study of clinical physiology. 5th ed. San Francisco: Philopolis Press; 1914;
  61. Consolidation. American Drugless Healer. 1913;3(4):324; (Aug)
  62. Riley JS. Science and practice of chiropractic with allied sciences. Washington (DC): Author; 1919;
  63. Riley JS. Zone therapy simplified. Washington (DC): Author; 1918;
  64. Riley JS. Zone reflex. 12th ed. Montrose (CA): Mrs. T. S. Riley; 1942;
  65. Palmer DD. A spine set personified. The Chiropractor. 1905;1(11):30
  66. Smallie P. Introduction to Ratledge files and Ratledge manuscript. Stockton (CA): World-Wide Books; 1990;
  67. Fuhr D. Chapter 1 (History). In:  Fuhr AW,  Green JR,  Colloca CJ,  Keller TS editor. Activator Methods chiropractic technique. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997;
  68. Gregory A. In: Spondylotherapy simplified. Oklahoma City: Author; 1914;p. 174
  69. Grostic JD. The adjusting instrument as a research tool. Chiropr Res J. 1988;1:47–55
  70. Keating JC. Letter to the Editor. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16(1):55–58 (Jan)
  71. Lust, B. Advertisement for Benko Hand Concussion Sets. Naturopath. 1924;October:970
  72. McShirly RC. Advertisement for “Percuss-o-Motor”. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1951;21(1):54; (Jan)
  73. Osterbauer PJ, Fuhr AW, Hildebrandt RW. Mechanical force, manually assisted short lever chiropractic adjustment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(5):309–317 (June)
  74. Zimmerman A. An adjusting machine to correct subluxations. Digest Chiropr Econ. 1963;5(6):14; 22–25, (May/June)
  75. Levine M. The structural approach to chiropractic. New York: Comet Press; 1964;
  76. Montgomery DP, Nelson JM. Evolution of chiropractic theories of practice and spinal adjustment. Chiropr Hist. 1985;5:70–76
  77. Rosenthal MJ. The structural approach to chiropractic (from Willard Carver to present practice). Chiropr Hist. 1981;1:25–28
  78. Advertisement for Fred J. Carver’s “Postural Method of Chiropractic Diagnosis & Correction”. Chiropr J (NCA). 1938;7(7):22; (July)
  79. Carver FJ. The postural method of chiropractic diagnosis and adjusting. Wichita (KS): Author; 1938;
  80. Carver W. Carver’s chiropractic analysis. Oklahoma City: Carver Chiropractic College; 1909;
  81. Carver W. Carver’s chiropractic analysis. Oklahoma City: Carver Chiropractic College; 1915;
  82. Carver W. Psycho-bio-physiology. Oklahoma City: Carver Chiropractic College; 1920;
  83. Keating JC, Brown RA, Smallie P. Tullius de Florence Ratledge (the missionary of straight chiropractic in California). Chiropr Hist. 1991;11(2):26–38 (Dec)
  84. Keating JC, Brown RA, Smallie P. One of the roots of straight chiropractic: Tullius de Florence Ratledge. In:  Sweere JJ editors. Chiropractic family practice. Volume 1:Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1992;
  85. Ratledge, TF. Correspondence with Vinton F. Logan, D.C., July 26, 1958. (Ratledge papers, Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City)
  86. News flashes: Canada. Chiropr J (NCA) 1936(Dec);5(12):28
  87. Steinbach, LJ. Exercises for posture. Chiropr J (NCA) 1937b(Jan);6(1):36, 38, 40
  88. Steinbach, LJ. Spinal balance: the first of a series of important articles. Chiropr J (NCA). 1936a(Dec);5(12):9–10
  89. Steinbach, LJ. Antero-posterior balance. Chiropr J (NCA) 1936b(Dec);5(12):9–10
  90. Steinbach, LJ. Spinal balance: how to detect and correct faults of posture. Chiropr J (NCA). 1937a(Dec);6(1):7–8
  91. Steinbach LJ. Spinal balance (lateral balance of the spine is essential). Chiropr J (NCA). 1937;6(2):7; 8,46,48 (Feb)
  92. Steinbach LJ. Statistical data on the sacro-iliac joints is an objective. National Chiropr J. 1939;8(1):8; 40, (Jan)
  93. Steinbach LJ. Research observations on the now famous sacro-iliac joints. National Chiropr J. 1939;8(3):9; (Mar) 56–7
  94. Steinbach LJ. The sacro-iliac mechanism (some important new scientific facts are revealed). Nat Chiropr J. 1941;10(1):11; 51, (Jan)
  95. Steinbach LL. Spinal balance and spinal hygiene. Pittsburgh: Author; 1957; (LACC Rare Books Room)
  96. Keating JC. Introducing the neurocalometer (a view from the Fountain Head). J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1991;35(3):165–178 (Sept)
  97. Palmer, BJ. Fountain Head News. 1924. [A.C. 29];(Aug 9);13(25):6
  98. The Recoil. Volume VII. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Chiropractic; 1925; June Class 1925
  99. Kyneur JS, Bolton SP. Lost technology (the rise and fall of chiropractic instrumentation). Chiropr Hist. 1992;12(1):30–35 (June)
  100. Nash J, Johnson CD, Green BN. Hole In One (a history of its founding). Chiropr Hist. 1996;16(2):76–80 (Dec)
  101. Wernsing AA. The atlas specific. Hollywood (CA): Oxford Press; 1941;
  102. Wernsing AA. Origin of the Atlas Specific. Am Chiropr Assoc J. 1959;1(4):5; (Nov/Dec),11–3
  103. Palmer BJ. The subluxation specific: the adjustment specific, an exposition of the cause of all disease. Davenport (IA): Palmer School of Chiropractic; 1934;
  104. Quigley WH. Bartlett Joshua Palmer (toward an understanding of the man, 1881–1961). Chiropr Hist. 1995;15(2):30–35 (Dec)
  105. Hurley JL, Sanders HE. Aquarian age healing for you. Vols. 1 and 2. Los Angeles: Haynes Corporation; 1932;
  106. Announcement of the Golden State College of Chiropractic. 1923. Palmer Archives
  107. Cleveland, CS. Letter to T.F. Ratledge, 16 July 1939. (Ratledge papers, Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City)
  108. Rhodes WR. The official history of chiropractic in Texas. Austin: Texas Chiropractic Association; 1978;
  109. Bergman TF, Peterson DH, Lawrence DJ. Chiropractic technique: principles and procedures. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993;
  110. Editorial (To the members of the International Chiropractic Research Foundation). Chiropr J (NCA). 1937;6(10):6; (Oct)
  111. Keating JC, Callender AK, Cleveland CS. A history of chiropractic education in North America: report to the Council on Chiropractic Education. Davenport (IA): Association for the History of Chiropractic; 1998;
  112. Canterbury R, Krakos G. Thirteen years after Roentgen (the origins of chiropractic radiology). Chiropr Hist. 1986;6:24–29
  113. Young KJ, Warren L, Sausser DC. Influence unrecognized. Chiropr Hist. 1997;17(1):75–83 (June)
  114. Hicks C, Keating JC. An author index to the Journal of the National Chiropractic Association, 1933–1963. Bloomington (MN): Northwestern College of Chiropractic; 1988;
  115. Sausser WL. Spinograph and x-ray. Chiropr J (NCA). 1933;1(7):18; (July)
  116. Sausser WL. The spine viewed and recorded roentgenologically in 4584 cases. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1947;17(8):18; (Aug)
  117. Dzaman F, et al.  AQ14 editors Who’s who in chiropractic, international. 2nd ed. Littleton (CO): Who’s Who in Chiropractic International Publishing; 1980;
  118. Reinert OC. Merging with honor (a history of the Missouri Chiropractic College, 1920–64). Chiropr Hist. 1992;12(2):39–42 (June)
  119. Barge FH. Tortipelvis. Davenport (IA): Bawden Brothers; 1976;
  120. Barge FH. Torticollis: the cervical slipped disc syndrome. Davenport (IA): Bawden Brothers; 1979;
  121. Barge FH. Idiopathic scoliosis: identifiable causes, detection and treatment. Davenport (IA): Bawden Brothers; 1986;
  122. Heese N. Major Bertrand DeJarnette (six decades of sacro-occipital research, 1924–1984). Chiropr Hist. 1991;11(1):12–15 (June)
  123. DeJarnette MB. Reflex pain. Nebraska City: Author; 1935;
  124. DeJarnette MB. Spinal diagnosis. Nebraska City: Author; 1936;
  125. DeJarnette MB. Sacro occipital technic of spinal therapy. Nebraska City: Author; 1940;
  126. DeJarnette MB. Technic and practic of bloodless surgery. Nebraska City: Author; 1939;
  127. Gibbons RW. Francis Kolar and chromotherapy. Chiropr Hist. 1991;11(1):10–11 (June)
  128. Keating JC. James F. McGinnis, D.C., N.D., C.P. (spinographer, educator, marketer and bloodless surgeon). Chiropr Hist. 1998;18(2):63–79 (Dec)
  129. Stone S. Zone therapy. J Bloodless Surg. 1939;1(1–2):11–13 (Dec)
  130. Van Rumpt R. Endo nasal, pharyngeal technic. J Bloodless Surg. 1939;1(1–2):8–10 (Dec)
  131. Bergmann TF. Chiropractic reflex techniques. In:  Gatterman MI editors. Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation. St. Louis: Mosby; 1995; Chapter 7
  132. Nelson, WA. Interview with J.C. Keating, Ph.D. and R.A. Brown, D.P.M., 24 October 1991. (Palmer-West Archives)
  133. Keating, JC. A history of the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic. Whittier (CA): Southern California University of Health Sciences; 2001
  134. Keating JC, Dishman RW, Oliva M, Phillips RB. Roots of the LACC (the Southern California College of Chiropractic). J Chiropr Humanities. 1993;3:21–41
  135. Martin RJ. The practice of correction of abnormal function: “neurovascular dynamics” (NVD). 1st ed. Sierra Madre (CA): Author; 1977;
  136. Cohen JH, Gibbons RW. Raymond L. Nimmo and the evolution of trigger point therapy, 1929–1986. J Maniplative Physiol Ther. 1998;21(3):167–172 (Mar/Apr)
  137. Nimmo RL. Receptors, effectors and tonus. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1957;27(11):21–23 60, (Nov)
  138. Nimmo RL. Specificity and the law of facilitation in the nervous system. The Receptor. 1971;2(1):1–8
  139. Vannerson JF, Nimmo RL. Specificity and the law of facilitation in the nervous system. ACA J Chiropr. 1973;7(S):17–25
  140. Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1983;
  141. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1957;27(7):9–11 (July), 68-9
  142. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 2 of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1958;28:9–10 (Feb), 69-73
  143. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 3 of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1958;28(4):9–12 (Apr), 70-3
  144. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 4 of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1958;28(7):9–11 (July), 70-2
  145. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 5 of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1959;29(5):9–11 (May), 66-70
  146. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 6a of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1959;29(7):10–13 (July), 70-2
  147. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 6b of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1959;29(8):9–11 (Aug), 64, 66, 68
  148. Hayes S. The chiropractic subluxation—a new hypothesis for consideration. Part 7 of a series. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1959;29(10):9–11 (Oct), 63-70
  149. Green, BN, Johnson, CD. Unveiling an enigma: the origins and development of diversified chiropractic technique. Presentation at the 15th Annual Conference on Chiropractic History, Davenport, Iowa, September 13–17, 1995
  150. Grice A, Vernon H. Basic principles in the performance of chiropractic adjusting: historical review, classification and objectives. In:  Haldeman S editors. Principles and practice of chiropractic. 2nd ed. Norwalk (CT): Appleton and Lange; 1992; Chapter 25
  151. Gitelman R, Fligg B. Diversified technique. In:  Haldeman S editors. Principles and practice of chiropractic. 2nd ed. Norwalk (CT): Appleton & Lange; 1992; Chapter 27
  152. Christensen MG, Morgan DRD. Job analysis of chiropractic. Greeley (CO): National Board of Chiropractic Examiners; 1993;
  153. Truscott LL. Truscott compatibility tests. San Jose (CA): Author; 1956;
  154. Slosberg M. Effects of altered afferent articular input on sensation, proprioception, muscle tone and sympathetic reflex responses. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11(5):400–406 (Oct)
  155. Slosberg M. Spinal learning (central modulation of pain processing and long-term alteration of interneuronal excitability as a result of nociceptive peripheral input). J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(6):326–336 (July/Aug)
  156. Fuhr AW, Green JR, Colloca CJ, Keller TS. Activator Methods chiropractic technique. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997;
  157. Cox JM, Shreiner S. Chiropractic manipulation in low back pain and sciatica (statistical data on the diagnosis, treatment and response of 576 consecutive cases). J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7(1):1–11 (Mar)
  158. Lee HK, Gatterman M. Chiropractic adjusting techniques. In:  Peterson D,  Wiese G editor. Chiropractic: an illustrated history. St. Louis: Mosby; 1995; Chapter 9
  159. Cooperstein R, Perle SM, Gatterman MI, Lantz C, Schneider MJ. Chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions (characterizing the literature). J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24(6):407–424 (July/Aug)
  160. Cox JM. Low back pain: mechanism, diagnosis and treatment. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1985;
  161. Gin RH, Green BN. George Goodheart, Jr., D.C. and a history of applied kinesiology. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20(5):331–337 (June)
  162. Advertisement for Goodheart Seminars. Digest Chiropr Econ. 1969;12(2):57; (Sept/Oct)
  163. Kendall FP, Kendall HO. Muscle testing. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1962;
  164. Advertisement for W LaMar Rosquist, D.C.’s “Spinal Touch Treatment”. Digest Chiropr Econ. 1976;18(4):46; (Jan/Feb)
  165. What’s new at PMA. Chiropractic Achievers. 1989;3(1):4; (Jan/Feb)
  166. Holmes AT. Letter to H.B. Logan. Chiropr J (NCA). 1934;3(2):28; (Feb)
  167. Watkins CO. The basic principles of chiropractic government. Sidney (MT): Author; 1944. Reprinted as Appendix A in Keating JC. Toward a philosophy of the science of chiropractic: a primer for clinicians. Stockton (CA): Stockton Foundation for Chiropractic Research; 1992;
  168. Boal R, Kaminski M, Peterson DH, Gillette RG. An algorithm for the analysis of chiropractic methods. In:  Vear HJ editors. Chiropractic standards of practice and quality of care. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen; 1992;
  169. Kaminski M, Boal R, Gillette RG, Peterson DH, Villnave TJ. A model for the evaluation of chiropractic methods. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10(2):61–64 (April)
  170. Keating JC. Toward a philosophy of the science of chiropractic: a primer for the clinician. Stockton (CA): Stockton Foundation for Chiropractic Research; 1992;
  171. Vear, HJ, Chiropractic standards of practice and quality of care. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen; 1992
  172. Haldeman, S, Chapman-Smith, D, Petersen, DM. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen; 1993
  173. Henderson, D, Chapman-Smith, D, Mior, S, Vernon, H. Clinical guidelines for chiropractic practice in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Chiropractic Association; 1994
  174. Cooperstein R, Haas M. The listings continuum (driving a truck through a paradox). Dyn Chiropr. 2001;19(20):28–29 (Sept 24), 36

☆ Preparation of this article was supported the National Institute of Chiropractic Research. The author is solely responsible for its content.

PII: S0161-4754(02)54125-7

doi: 10.1016/S0161-4754(02)54125-7

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 26, Issue 5 , Pages 300-321 , June 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution