Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 29, Issue 2 , Pages 115-125 , February 2006

The Effect of Seat Belt Use on the Cervical Electromyogram Response to Whiplash-Type Impacts

  • Shrawan Kumar, PhD, DSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: Sharwan Kumar, PhD, DSc, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3-75 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G4
    • ,
  • Robert Ferrari, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • ,
  • Yogesh Narayan, PEng

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • ,
  • Troy Jones, BScPT

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Received 18 April 2005 ,Revised 23 June 2005

References 

  1. Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, et al. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Spine. 1995;120(Suppl 8):1S–73S
  2. Severy DM, Mathewson JH, Bechtol CO. Controlled automobile rear-end collisions, an investigation of related engineering and medical phenomena. Can Serv Med J. 1955;11:727–759
  3. Caldwell IW. Seat belts and head rests. BMJ. 1972;2:163
  4. Christian MS. Non-fatal injuries sustained by seatbelt wearers: a comparative study. BMJ. 1976;2:1310–1311
  5. Lesoin F, Thomas CE, Lozes G, Villette L, Jomin M. Has the safety-belt replaced the hangman's noose?. Lancet. 1985;1:1341
  6. Roydhouse RH. Torquing of neck and jaw due to belt restraint in whiplash-type accidents. Lancet. 1985;1:1341
  7. Nygren A. Injuries to car occupants—some aspects of the interior safety of cars. Acta Otolaryngol. 1984;395(Suppl):1–164
  8. Deans GT, Magalliard JN, Kerr M, Rutherford WH. Neck sprain—a major cause of disability following car accidents. Injury. 1987;18:10–12
  9. Yoganandan N, Haffner M, Maiman DJ, et al. Epidemiology and injury biomechanics of motor vehicle related trauma to the human spine. In: Proceedings of the Thirty Third Stapp Car Crash Conference. Warrendale (Pa): Society of Automotive Engineers; 1989;p. 223–242[Paper #892438]
  10. Maag U, Desjardins D, Bourbeau R, Laberge-Nadeau C. Seat belts and neck injuries. In: Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impacts (IRCOBI) Conference, 1990, Bron, France. IRCOBI; 1990;p. 1–13
  11. Bourbeau R, Desjardins D, Maag U, Laberge-Nadeau C. Neck injuries amongst front seat belted and unbelted car occupants. [Seat Belts and Neck Injuries] Centre de recherche sur les transports. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impacts; 1992;[Publication #818]
  12. Ferrari R. In: The whiplash encyclopedia. The facts and myths of whiplash. Gaithersburg (Md): Aspen Publishers Inc; 1999;p. 449–470
  13. Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. An electromyographic study of low-velocity rear-end impacts. Spine. 2002;27:1044–1055
  14. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Cervical muscle response to right postero-lateral impacts. Clin Biomech. 2004;19:543–550
  15. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type rear impacts—effect of left offset impact. Spine J. 2004;4:656–668
  16. Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. Analysis of low-velocity frontal impacts. Clin Biomech. 2003;18:694–703
  17. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right anterolateral impacts. Eur Spine J. 2004;13:398–407
  18. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type left anterolateral impacts. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2004;17:412–422
  19. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type neck perturbations in left lateral collisions. Spine. 2004;29:650–659
  20. Kumar S, Ferrari R, Narayan Y. Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right lateral impacts. Spine. 2004;29:E479–E487
  21. Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T. Cervical strength of young adults in sagittal, coronal, and intermediate planes. Clin Biomech. 2001;6:380–388
  22. Kumar S, Narayan Y, Amell T, Ferrari R. Electromyography of superficial cervical muscles with exertions in sagittal, coronal, and oblique planes. Eur Spine J. 2002;11:27–37

 Sources of support: No funds were received for the preparation of this manuscript.

PII: S0161-4754(05)00370-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.12.008

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 29, Issue 2 , Pages 115-125 , February 2006

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