Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 29, Issue 6 , Pages 425-436 , July 2006

Three-Dimensional Vertebral Motions Produced by Mechanical Force Spinal Manipulation

  • Tony S. Keller, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Director of Research, Musculoskeletal Research Foundation, Florida Orthopaedic Institute, Temple Terrace, Fla
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: Tony Keller, Professor and Chair, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Vermont 19 Votey Building Burlington, VT 05405-0156.
    • ,
  • Christopher J. Colloca, DC

      Affiliations

    • President, Neuro Mechanical Innovations, Master's Candidate, Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics Laboratory, Exercise and Sport Science Research Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz; Clinic Director, State of the Art Chiropractic Center, Phoenix, Ariz
    • ,
  • Robert J. Moore, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Head, The Adelaide Centre For Spinal Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
    • ,
  • Robert Gunzburg, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Senior Consultant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eeuwfeestkliniek Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
    • ,
  • Deed E. Harrison, DC

      Affiliations

    • Chiropractic Biophysics Non-profit, Inc., Evanston, Wyo
    • ,
  • Donald D. Harrison, DC

      Affiliations

    • Chiropractic Biophysics Non-profit, Inc., Evanston, Wyo

Received 30 August 2005

References 

  1. Shekelle PG, Markovich M, Louie R. Comparing the costs between provider types of episodes of back pain care. Spine. 1995;20:221–226
  2. Triano J. The mechanics of spinal manipulation. In:  Herzog W editors. Clinical biomechanics of spinal manipulation. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 92–190
  3. Haldeman S, Chapman-Smith D, Petersen DM. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg (Md): Aspen Publishers; 1993;
  4. Christensen MG, Kerkoff D, Kollach MW. Job analysis of chiropractic 2000. Greeley (Colo): National Board of Chiropractic Examiners; 2000;
  5. Cooperstein R, Perle SM, Gatterman MI, Lantz C, Schneider MJ. Chiropractic technique procedures for specific low back conditions: characterizing the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:407–424
  6. Gatterman MI, Cooperstein R, Lantz C, Perle SM, Schneider MJ. Rating specific chiropractic technique procedures for common low back conditions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:449–456
  7. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brook RH. Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:590–598
  8. Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM. Spinal manipulation for low back pain. an updated systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Spine. 1996;21:2860–2871
  9. Skargren EI, Carlsson PG, Oberg BE. One-year follow-up comparison of the cost and effectiveness of chiropractic and physiotherapy as primary management for back pain. Subgroup analysis, recurrence, and additional health care utilization. Spine. 1998;23:1875–1883
  10. Hurwitz EL, Aker PD, Adams AH, Meeker WC, Shekelle PG. Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. A systematic review of the literature. Spine. 1996;21:1746–1759
  11. Nilsson N. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:435–440
  12. Boline PD, Kassak K, Bronfort G, Nelson C, Anderson AV. Spinal manipulation vs. amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic tension-type headaches: a randomized clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:148–154
  13. Gemmell HA, Jacobson BH. The immediate effect of activator vs. meric adjustment on acute low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:453–456
  14. Yurkiw D, Mior S. Comparison of two chiropractic techniques on pain and lateral flexion in neck pain patients: a pilot study. Chiropr Tech. 1996;8:155–162
  15. Wood TG, Colloca CJ, Matthews R. A pilot randomized clinical trial on the relative effect of instrumental (MFMA) versus manual (HVLA) manipulation in the treatment of cervical spine dysfunction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:260–271
  16. Herzog W. The mechanical, neuromuscular, and physiologic effects produced by spinal manipulation. In:  Herzog W editors. Clinical biomechanics of spinal manipulation. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 191–207
  17. Keller TS, Colloca CJ. Mechanical force spinal manipulation increases trunk muscle strength assessed by electromyography: a comparative clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:585–595
  18. Colloca CJ, Keller TS. Electromyographic reflex response to mechanical force, manually-assisted spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 2001;26:1117–1124
  19. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Gunzburg R. Biomechanical and neurophysiological responses to spinal manipulation in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:1–15
  20. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Black P, Normand MC, Harrison DE, Harrison DD. Comparison of mechanical force of manually assisted chiropractic adjusting instruments. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:414–422
  21. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Moore RJ, Gunzburg R, Harrison DE, Harrison DD. Experimentally induced disc degeneration reduces vertebral motions and neuromuscular responses during lumbar spinal manipulation: an animal model. In: 8th biennial congress of the world federation of chiropractic, international conference on chiropractic research; 2005 June 16-18; Sydney, Australia. Toronto: World Federation of Chiropractic; 2005;p. 171–173
  22. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Harrison DE, Moore RJ, Gunzburg R, Harrison DD. Spinal manipulation force and duration affect vertebral movement and neuromuscular responses. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2006;21:254–262
  23. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Fuhr AW. In vivo transient vibration assessment of the normal human thoracolumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:521–530
  24. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Beliveau JG. Force-deformation response of the lumbar spine: a sagittal plane model of posteroanterior manipulation and mobilization. Clin Biomech. 2002;17:185–196
  25. Herzog W, Kats M, Symons B. The effective forces transmitted by high-speed, low-amplitude thoracic manipulation. Spine. 2001;26:2105–2110
  26. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Fuhr AW. Validation of the force and frequency characteristics of the activator adjusting instrument: effectiveness as a mechanical impedance measurement tool. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:75–86
  27. Kirstukas SJ, Backman JA. Physician-applied contact pressure and table force response during unilateral thoracic manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:269–279
  28. Triano J, Schultz AB. Loads transmitted during lumbosacral spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1997;22:1955–1964
  29. Herzog W, Conway PJ, Kawchuk GN, Zhang Y, Hasler EM. Forces exerted during spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1993;18:1206–1212
  30. Hessell BW, Herzog W, Conway PJ, McEwen MC. Experimental measurement of the force exerted during spinal manipulation using the Thompson technique. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:448–453
  31. Kawchuk GN, Herzog W. Biomechanical characterization (fingerprinting) of five novel methods of cervical spine manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:573–577
  32. Kawchuk GN, Herzog W, Hasler EM. Forces generated during spinal manipulative therapy of the cervical spine: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:275–278
  33. Fuhr AW, Smith DB. Accuracy of piezoelectric accelerometers measuring displacement of a spinal adjusting instrument. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9:15–21
  34. Smith DB, Fuhr AW, Davis BP. Skin accelerometer displacement and relative bone movement of adjacent vertebrae in response to chiropractic percussion thrusts. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:26–37
  35. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Gunzburg R. Neuromechanical characterization of in vivo lumbar spinal manipulation. Part I. Vertebral motion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26:567–578
  36. Nathan M, Keller TS. Measurement and analysis of the in vivo posteroanterior impulse response of the human thoracolumbar spine: a feasibility study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:431–441
  37. Keller TS, Colloca CJ. A rigid body model of the dynamic posteroanterior motion response of the human lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:485–496
  38. Keller TS, Colloca CJ. Dynamic dorsoventral stiffness assessment of the ovine lumbar spine. J Biomech. 2005;[epub ahead of print]
  39. Fuhr AW, Menke JM. Activator methods chiropractic technique. Top Clin Chiropr. 2002;9:30–43
  40. Fuhr AW, Menke JM. Status of activator methods chiropractic technique, theory, and practice. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:e1–e20
  41. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Gunzburg R. Neuromechanical characterization of in vivo lumbar spinal manipulation. Part II. Neurophysiological response. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26:579–591
  42. Colloca CJ, Keller TS. Stiffness and neuromuscular reflex response of the human spine to posteroanterior manipulative thrusts in patients with low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:489–500
  43. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Harrison DE, Moore RJ, Gunzburg R. Effect of spinal manipulation speed and force on vertebral movement and neuromuscular response. J Chiropr Educ. 2005;19:4
  44. Gal J, Herzog W, Kawchuk G, Conway PJ, Zhang YT. Movements of vertebrae during manipulative thrusts to unembalmed human cadavers. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:30–40
  45. Herzog W. On sounds and reflexes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:216–218
  46. Sran MM, Khan KM, Zhu Q, McKay HA, Oxland TR. Failure characteristics of the thoracic spine with a posteroanterior load: investigating the safety of spinal mobilization. Spine. 2004;29:2382–2388
  47. Wilke HJ, Kettler A, Claes LE. Are sheep spines a valid biomechanical model for human spines?. Spine. 1997;22:2365–2374
  48. Wilke HJ, Kettler A, Wenger KH, Claes LE. Anatomy of the sheep spine and its comparison to the human spine. Anat Rec. 1997;247:542–555
  49. Kaigle AM, Holm SH, Hansson TH. 1997 Volvo award winner in biomechanical studies. Kinematic behavior of the porcine lumbar spine: a chronic lesion model. Spine. 1997;22:2796–2806
  50. Kaigle AM, Pope MH, Fleming BC, Hansson T. A method for the intravital measurement of interspinous kinematics. J Biomech. 1992;25:451–456

 Dr Tony Keller and Dr Chris Colloca developed the Impulse Adjusting Instrument. This work was funded in part by NeuroMechanical Innovations, Inc.

PII: S0161-4754(06)00156-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.06.012

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 29, Issue 6 , Pages 425-436 , July 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution