Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 30, Issue 9 , Pages 617-683 , November 2007

Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines for Musculoskeletal Complaints in Adults—An Evidence-Based Approach: Introduction

  • André E. Bussières, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Chiropractic Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: André E. Bussières, DC, Professor, Département chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
    • ,
  • Cynthia Peterson, DC, RN, MMedEd

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • John A.M. Taylor, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Radiology, New York Chiropractic College, Seneca Falls, New York; Adjunct Professor, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York.

Received 15 July 2007 ,Revised 12 September 2007 ,Accepted 14 October 2007.

References 

  1. Wool A, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81:646–656
  2. WHO Scientific Group . The Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions at the Start of the New Millennium WHO and Bone and Joint Decade. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 919. Geneva. 2003;[cited June 2007] Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/ncd/publications/musculoskeletalconditions.pdf
  3. Dixon A. Evidence-based diagnostic radiology. Lancet. 1997;350:509–512
  4. Ghozlan R, Vacher H. Where is imaging going in rheumatology?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2000;14:617–633
  5. Feldman F. Musculoskeletal radiology: then and now. Radiology. 2000;216:309–316
  6. Remplik P, Stäbler A, Merl T, Roemer F, Bohndorf K. Diagnosis of acute fractures of the extremities: comparison of low-field MRI and conventional radiography. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:625–630
  7. Sanders TG, Parsons T. Radiographic imaging of musculoskeletal neoplasia. Cancer Control. 2001;8:221–231
  8. Owens JP, Ruth G, Keir MJH, et al. A survey of general practitioners opinions on the role of radiology in patients with low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1990;40:98–101
  9. Halpin SF, Yeoman L, Dundas DD. Radiographic examination of the lumbar spine in a community hospital: an audit of current practice. BMJ. 1991;303:813–815
  10. Ferriman A. UK rate of x-ray examination less than half the US rate. BMJ. 2001;322:384
  11. Grassi W, Flippucci E, Carotti M, Slaffi F. Imaging modalities for identifying the origin of regional musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:17–32
  12. Ryynänen OP, Lehtovirta J, Soimakallio S, Takala J. General practitioners' willingness to request plain lumbar spine radiographic examinations. Eur J Radiol. 2001;37:47–53
  13. Houben PHH, van der Weijden T, Sijbrandij J, Grol RPTM, Winkens RA. Reasons for ordering spinal x-ray investigations. How they influence general practitioners' management. Can Fam Physician. 2006;52:1266–1267
  14. Russo R, Cook P. Diagnosis of low back pain: role of imaging studies. Occupational Med: State of the Art Reviews. 1998;13:83–97
  15. ICES Practice Atlas. In:  Braddley E,  Glazier R editor. Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario. Canadian Medical Association; 2004;
  16. Miller P, Kendrick D, Bentley E, Fielding K. Cost-effectiveness of lumbar spine radiography in primary care patients with low back pain. Spine. 2002;27:2291–2297
  17. Laupacis A, Evans W. Diagnostic imaging in Canada. Healthc Pap. 2005;6:8–15
  18. Committee to Assess Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council, Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII-Phase 2. [monograph on the Internet] Washington: National Academy Press; 2006;Available from: http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11340.html
  19. Iglehart JK. The new era of medical imaging—progress and pitfalls. Health policy report. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2822–2826
  20. DiLeo R, Spinelli R. Strategies for teaching non-radiologist physicians the appropriate use of imaging studies: use of radiology seminars. J Med Pract Manage. 2006;21:362–366
  21. Brown SJ. Managing the complexity of best practice health care. J Nurs Care Qual. 2001;15:1–8
  22. Institute for Alternative Futures . In: The future of chiropractic revisited. Alexandria, VA: The Institute for Alternative Futures; 2005;p. 2005–2015[Monograph on the Internet] [cited 2007 June 16]. Available from: http://www.altfutures.com. Used with permission
  23. Stein LA. Making the best use of radiological resources in Canada. Healthc Pap. 2005;6:18–23
  24. Vader JP, Terraz O, Perret L, Aroua A, Valley JF, Burnand B. Use of and irradiation from plain lumbar radiography in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004;134:419–422
  25. Clinical practice guidelines. [monograph on the Internet], Lincoln's Inn Fields, London. Open clinical knowledge management for medical care. [cited July 5th, 2007]. Available from: http://www.openclinical.org/guidelines.html#purposes2002;
  26. Bussières AE, Cardin A, Peterson C, Taylor J. Radiology practice guidelines for extremity disorders in the adult—Indications for x-ray taking for the chiropractic intern and clinician. 2004;ACC-RAC 2004. Las Vegas, NV; March 11-13
  27. Ammendolia C, Bombardier C, Hogg-Johnson S, Glazier R. Views on radiography use for patients with acute low back pain among chiropractors in an Ontario community. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:511–520
  28. Dhingsa R, Finlay DB, Robinson GD, Liddicoat AJ. Assessment of agreement between general practitioners and radiologists as to whether a radiation exposure is justified. Br J Radiol. 2002;75:136–139
  29. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Kim Burton A, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine. 2001;26:2504–2513
  30. Croft P. Diagnosing regional pain: the view from primary care. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;13:231–342
  31. Rossignol M, Arsenault B. In: Guide de pratique—Clinique des lombalgies interdisciplinaires en première ligne, Direction de la Santé Publique de Montréal. 2006;p. 40
  32. Tan AL, Wakefield R, Conaghan PC, Emery P, McGonagle D. Imaging of the musculoskeletal system: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and computed tomography. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:513–528
  33. Bohndorf K, Kilcoyne RF. Traumatic injuries: imaging of peripheral musculoskeletal injuries. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1605–1616
  34. Glaves J. The use of radiological guidelines to achieve a sustained reduction in the number of radiographic examinations of the cervical spine, lumbar spine and knees performed for GPs. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:914–920
  35. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Tood KH, Zucker M for the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. New Engl J Med. 2000;343:94–99
  36. Stiell IG, Wells G, Vandemheen KL, et al. The Canadian cervical spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA. 2001;286:1841–1848
  37. Fraenkel L, Shearer P, Mitchell P, La Valley M, Feldmen J, Felson DT. Improving the selective use of plain film radiographs in initial evaluation of shoulder pain. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:200–204
  38. Hendey GW. Necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of shoulder dislocation. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:108–113
  39. Docherty MA, Schwab RA, Ma OJ. Can elbow extension be used as a test of clinical significant injury?. South Med J. 2002;95:539–541
  40. Cevik AA, Guna I, Masinali M, Yanturali S, Atilla R, Holliman CJ. Evaluation of physical findings in acute wrist trauma in the emergency department. Ulus Tavma Derg. 2003;9:257–261
  41. Mehta M, B0rautigan MW. Fractures of the carpal navicular-efficacy of clinical findings and improved diagnosis with six-view radiography. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:255–257
  42. Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, Wells GA, et al. Prospective validation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA. 1996;275:611–615
  43. Emparanza JI, Aginaga JR. Validation of the Ottawa Knee Rules. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:364–368
  44. Wynn-Thoma S, Love T, McLeod D, Vernall S, Kljakovic M, Dowell A, et al. The Ottawa ankle rules for the use of diagnostic X-rays in after hours medical centres in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2002;115:U184
  45. Papacostas E, Malliaropaulos N, Papadopoulos A, Liouliaski C. Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules protocol in Greek athletes. Study in the emergency departments of a district general hospital and sport injury clinic. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:445–447
  46. Tai A, Thoo F, Sitho Y, Seow E, Wong H. The Ottawa Ankle Rules in Asia: validating a clinical decision rules for requesting x-rays in twisting ankle and foot injuries. J Emerg Med. 1999;17:945–947
  47. Coulter ID, Hurwitz EL, Adams AH, Genovese BJ, Hays R, Shekelle PG. Patients using chiropractors in North America: who are they, and why are they in chiropractic care?. Spine. 2002;27:291–296
  48. Suarez-Almazor ME, Belseck E, Russell AS, Mackel J. Use of lumbar spine radiographs for the early diagnosis of low back pain. JAMA. 1997;277:1782–1786
  49. Simmons ED, Guyer RD, Graham-Smith A, Herzog R. Radiographic assessment for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:1839–1841
  50. Hurwitz B. How does evidence based guidance influence determinations of medical negligence?. BMJ. 2004;329:1024–1028
  51. European Commission . Radiation protection 118. Referral guidelines for imaging in conjunction with the UK Royal College of Radiologists; Luxembourg. 2001;
  52. Hadorn DC, Baker D, Hodges JS, Hicks N. Rating the quality of evidence for clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:749–754
  53. Whiting P, Rutjies AWS, Dinnes J, Reitma JB, Bossuyt PMM, Kleijnen JK. Development of validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Chap 9. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:59–65
  54. Hollingworth W, Medina LS, Lenkinski RE, Shibata DK, Bernal B, Zukowski D, et al. Interrater reliability in assessing quality of diagnostic accuracy studies using the QUADAS toll. A preliminary assessment. Acad Radiol. 2006;13:803–810
  55. Whiting PF, Weswood ME, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PN, Kleijnen J. Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6:9
  56. The Agree Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12:18–23
  57. Ricci S, Celani MG, Righetti E. Development of clinical guidelines: methodological and practical issues. Neurol Sci. 2006;27(Suppl 3):S228–S230
  58. Harbour R, Miller J for the SIGN grading review group. . A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001;323:334–336
  59. Haneline MT. Evidence-based chiropractic practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2007;
  60. Cassidy CM. Unravelling the ball of strings: reality, paradigms, and the study of alternative medicine. J Mind Body Health. 1994;10:5–31
  61. Hearnshaws HM, Harker RM, Cheater FM, Baker RH, Grimshaw GM. Expert consensus on desirable characteristics of review criteria for improvement of health care quality. Qual Health Care. 2001;10:173–178
  62. Brown MJ. Prevalence of pathology seen on lumbar x-rays in patients over the age of 50 years. Br J Chiropr. 2001;5:23–30
  63. Raine R, Sanderson C, Black N. Developing clinical guidelines: a challenge to current methods. BMJ. 2005;331:631–633
  64. Plaugher G, Lopes MA. Textbook of clinical chiropractic. A specific biomechanical approach. Maryland: Williams & Wilkins; 1993;
  65. Guzman J, et al. Key factors in back disability prevention: a consensus panel on their impact and modifiability. Spine. 2007;32:807–815
  66. Bussières A, Cardin A. Radiology practice guidelines for adult spinal disorders and pediatric musculoskeletal complaints. Indications for X-ray taking for the chiropractic intern and clinician. J Chiropr Ed. 2004;18:3–4
  67. Bussières A, Peterson C, Taylor J. In: Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints: Adult Lower Extremity FCER's Conference on Chiropractic Research., Conference; September 15-16, Chicago, Illinois. 2006;
  68. Bussières A, Taylor J, Peterson C. In: Indications for Diagnostic Imaging in Adults. Part 3—Spine Disorders: Consensus Opinion Recommendations Based on Current Literature. WFC's and FCER's International Conference on Chiropractic Research, Conference, Vilamoura, Portugal, May 17-19. 2007;
  69. Bussières A, Peterson C, Taylor J. In: Suisse Annual Continuing Education Congress. Diagnostic Imaging Guidelines. Conference, Davos, Switzerland, September 6-9. 2007;
  70. Coulter ID, Shekelle PG. Chiropractic in North America: a descriptive analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:83–89
  71. Griffith CH, Desai NS, Wilson JF, Griffith EA, Powell KJ, Rich EC. Housestaff experience, workload, and test ordering in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acad Med. 1996;71:1106–1108
  72. Stiell I, Wells G, Laupacis A, Brison R, Verbeek R, Vandemheen K, et al. Multicentre trial to introduce the Ottawa ankle rules for use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Multicentre Ankle Rule Study Group. BMJ. 1995;311:594–597
  73. Stowe S. A comprehensive inventory of practical information about Canada's licensed chiropractors. In: Canadian Chiropractic Resources Databank (CCRD) Summary Report. June. 2004;p. 29–30
  74. Wagner M. Ownership issues blurring the future of imaging centers. Mod Healthc. 1992;22:24–26
  75. Mitchell JM, Sass TR. Physician ownership of ancillary services: indirect demand inducement or quality assurance?. J Health Econ. 1995;14:263–289
  76. Conflicts of interest. Physician ownership of medical facilities. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. 1992;267:2366–2369
  77. Morreim EH. Physician investment and self-referral: philosophical analysis of a contentious debate. J Med Philos. 1990;15:425–448
  78. Miller JN. Scanning for dollars. Joint ventures in imaging. MGMA Connex. 2003;3:52–55
  79. Imaging. Hospitals. 1990;64:24–33(abstract)
  80. Litt AW, Ryan DR, Batista D, Perry KN, Lewis RS, Sunshine JH. Relative procedure intensity with self-referral and radiologist referral: extremity radiography. Radiology. 2005;235:142–147
  81. Hillman BJ, Joseph CA, Mabry MR, Sunshine JH, Kennedy SD, Noether M. Frequency and costs of diagnostic imaging in office practice—a comparison of self-referring and radiologist-referring physicians. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1604–1608
  82. Levin DC, Merrill C. Sosman Lecture. The practice of radiology by nonradiologists: cost, quality, and utilization issues. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:513–518
  83. Levin DC, Edmiston RB, Ricci JA, Beam LM, Rosetti GF, Harford RJ. Self-referral in private offices for imaging studies performed in Pennsylvania Blue Shield subscribers during 1991. Radiology. 1993;189:371–375
  84. Sunshine JH, Bansal S, Evens RG. Radiology performed by nonradiologists in the United States: who does what?. Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:419–429
  85. Mootz RD, Cherkin DC, Odegard CE, Eisenberg DM, Barassi JP, Deyo RA. Characteristic of chiropractic practitioners, patients, and encounters in Massachusetts and Arizona. J Manipulative Physiol Therapeutics. 2005;28:645–653
  86. Nyiendo J, Haas M, Goodwin P. Patient characteristics, practice activities, and one-month outcomes for chronic, recurrent low-back pain treated by chiropractors and family medicine physicians: a practice-based feasibility study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:239–245
  87. Hurwitz EL, Coulter ID, Adams AH, Genovese BJ, Shekelle PG. Use of chiropractic services from 1985 through 1991 in the United States and Canada. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:771–776
  88. James PA, Cowan TM, Graham RP, Majeroni BA. Family physicians' attitudes about and use of clinical practice guidelines. J Fam Pract. 1997;45:341–347
  89. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK, Wang RM. Family physicians' opinions and attitudes to three clinical practice guidelines. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17:150–157
  90. Harrison DE, editor, PCCRP: Practicing Chiropractors' Committee on Radiology Protocols for Biomechanical Assessment of Spinal Subluxation in Chiropractic Clinical Practice [monograph on the Internet], Evanston [cited 2007 March 17th]. Available from: http://www.pccrp.org/
  91. Christensen MG. Job analysis of chiropractic. Chap 10 Professional functions and treatment procedures. In: A Project Report, Survey Analysis Summary of the Practice of Chiropractic Within United States. Greeley, Colorado: National Board of Chiropractic Examiners; 2005;p. 124–125
  92. Oakley PA, Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Hass JW. Evidence-based protocol for structural rehabilitation of the spine and posture review of clinical biometrics of posture (CBP) publications. J Can Chiropr Ass. 2005;49:270–296
  93. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1991;
  94. Harger BL, Taylor JA, Haas M, Nyiendo J. Chiropractic radiologists: a survey of chiropractors' attitudes and patterns of use. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:311–314
  95. Carey TS, Garrett J. North patterns of ordering diagnostic tests for patients with acute low back pain. Carolina Back Pain Project. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:807–814
  96. Cherkin CD, MacCornack FA, Berg AO. Managing low back pain—a comparison of the beliefs and behaviours of family physicians and chiropractors. West J Med. 1988;149:475–480
  97. Ammendolia C, Bombardier C, Johnson Hogg-S, Glazier R. Implementing evidence-based guidelines for radiography in acute low back pain: a pilot study in a chiropractic community. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:171–179
  98. Schultz G, Bassano J. Is radiography appropriate for detecting subluxations?. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;41–48
  99. Jackson P. Summary of the 2000 ACA professional survey on chiropractic practice. J Am Chiropr Ass. 2001;27–30
  100. Medicare program; revisions to payment policies under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 2000. Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), HHS. Final rule with comment period. Fed Regist. 1999; 64:59380-590. [PMID: 11010693]
  101. Pederson P, Kleberg P, Walker K. Survey of chiropractic practice in Europe. Eur J Chiro. pr 1994;42:3–28
  102. Wilson FJH. A survey of chiropractors in United Kingdom. Eur J Chiro. pr 2003;50:185–198
  103. Aroua A, Decka I, Robert J, Vader JP, Valley JF. Chiropractor's use of radiography in Switzerland. J Manipulative Physiol Therapeutics. 2003;26:9–16
  104. Pfeifle C. European survey of chiropractic. Backspace. 1998;3:10–11
  105. Imbro N, Langworthy J, Wilson F, Regelink G. Practice characteristics of chiropractors in The Netherlands. Clin Chiro. 2005;8:7–12
  106. Suarez-Almazor ME, Belseck E, Russell AS, Mackel JV. Use of lumbar radiographs for the early diagnosis of low back pain. Proposed guidelines would increase utilization. JAMA. 1997;277:1782–1786
  107. Espeland A, Albrektsen G, Larsen JL. Plain radiography of the lumbosacral spine. An audit of referrals from general practitioners. Acta Radiol. 1999;40:52–59
  108. Eccles M, Steen N, Grimshaw J, Thomas L, McNamee P, Soutter J, et al. Effect of audit and feedback, and reminder messages on primary-care radiology referrals: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1406–1409
  109. Liang M, Kattz JN, Frymoyer JW. Plain film radiographs in evaluating the spine. In:  Frymoyer JW editors. The Adult Spine. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 699–718
  110. Bhandari M, Montori V, Swiontkowski MF, Guyatt HH. User's guide to the surgical literature: how to use an article about a diagnostic test. Current concept review. J Bone Joint Surg. 2003;85-A:1133–1140
  111. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Uses and abuses of screening tests. Lancet. 2002;359:881–884
  112. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Int Med. 2002;137:586–597
  113. Lurie JD. What diagnostic tests are useful for low back pain?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19:557–575
  114. Guidelines for the initial evaluation of the adult with acute musculoskeletal symptoms. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1–8
  115. Abdu WA, Provencher ML. Primary bone and metastatic tumors of the cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:2767–2777
  116. Shukla D, Mongia S, Devi BI, Chandramouli BA, Das BS. Management of craniovertebral junction tuberculosis. Surg Neurol. 2005;63:101–106
  117. Sasaki K, Nabeshima Y, Ozaki A, Mori H, Fujii H, Sumi M, et al. Septic arthritis of the atlantoaxial joint: case report. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2006;19:612–615
  118. Reiter MF, Boden S. Inflammatory disorders of the cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:2755–2766
  119. Rowe LJ, Yochum TR. Normal skeletal anatomy and radiographic positioning. In:  Yochum TR,  Rowe LJ editor. Essentials of skeletal radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005;p. 11
  120. Rogers LF. The congenital malformation syndromes: osteochondrodysplasias, dysostoses, and chromosomal disorders. In:  Juhl JH,  Crummy AB editor. Essential of radiologic imaging. 5th ed. J.B. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company; 1987;p. 314
  121. Taybi H. In: Handbook of syndromes and metabolic disorders. Radiologic and clinical manifestations. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999;p. 875
  122. Haldeman S. Author's reply to Oppenheim et al. (JS Oppenheim, DE Spitzer, DH Segal) Nonvascular complications following spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2006;6:474
  123. Ammendolia C. Radiographic anomalies that may alter chiropractic intervention strategies found in a New Zealand population. Letter to the editor. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:375
  124. Keating JC, Charlton KH, Grod JP, Perle SM, Sikorski D, Winterstein JF. Subluxation: dogma or science?. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005;13:17
  125. Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ, Bronfort G, Perle SM, Metz RD, et al. Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005;13:9
  126. Carpenter J, Hutchings A, Raine R, Sanderson C. An experimental study of the influence of individual participant characteristics on formal consensus development. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2007;23:108–115
  127. Burgers JS, Cluzeau FA, Hanna SE, Hunt C, Grol R. Characteristics of high-quality guidelines: evaluation of 86 clinical guidelines developed in ten European countries and Canada. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2003;19:148–157
  128. Cluzeau FA, Littlejohn P, Grinshaw JM, Feder G, Moron SE. Development and application of a generic methodology to assess the quality of clinical guidelines. Int J Qual Health Care. 1999;11:21–28
  129. AGREE Instrument. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation. London: MThe AGREE Collaboration; 2001;[monograph on the Internet] Available from: http://www.agreecollaboration.org
  130. Papadopoulos C. The development of Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines: a literature review and synthesis of findings. In: Discussion paper prepared for the CCA/AFCRB Task Force on Chiropractic Clinical Practice Guidelines. Report June 15. 2002;p. 34
  131. Côté P, Hayden J. Clinical practice guidelines: the dangerous pitfall of avoiding methodological rigor. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2001;45:154–155
  132. Collins JA, Fauser BCJM. Balancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews. Hum Reprod Update. 2005;11:103–104
  133. Schmitdt LM. Of mites and men: reference bias in narrative review articles—a systematic review. J Fam Pract. 2005;54:334–338
  134. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Glas AS, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:189–202
  135. Carragee EJ, Haldeman S, Hurwitz E. The pyrite standard: the Midas touch in the diagnosis of axial pain syndromes. Spine J. 2007;7:27–31
  136. Nachemson A, Vingard E. Assessment of patients with neck and back pain: A best-evidence synthesis, chap 9. In:  Nachemson A,  Jonsson E editor. Neck and back pain—The scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;
  137. Fouquet B. Clinical examination as a tool for identifying the origin of regional musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:1–15
  138. Zaker J, Gursche A. ‘Hip’ pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:71–85
  139. Scholten RO, Daville WL, Opstelten W, et al. The accuracy of physical tests for assessing meniscal lesions of the knee: a meta-analysis. J Fam Pract. 2001;50:938–944
  140. Jackson JL, Malley O'PG, Kroenke K. Evaluation of acute knee pain in primary care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:575–588
  141. Bảlint G, Korda J, Hangody L, Bàlint P. Foot and ankle. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:87–111
  142. Dinnes J, Loveman E, McIntyre L, Waugh N. The effectiveness of diagnostic tests for the assessment of shoulder pain due to soft tissue disorders: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7:178
  143. Brox JI. Shoulder pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:33–56
  144. Palmer KT. Pain in the forearm, wrist and hand. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:113–135
  145. Szabo RM, Slater RR, Farver TB, Stanton DB, Sharman WK. The value of diagnosis testing in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1999;24:704–714
  146. Benson K, Hartz AJ. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Eng J Med. 2000;342:1878–1886
  147. Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1887–1894
  148. Brighton B, Bhandari M, Tornetta P, Felson DT. Methodological issues in the design of orthopaedic studies. Hierarchy of evidence: from case reports to randomized controlled trials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;413:19–24
  149. Foucar E, Whick MR. An observational examination of the literature in diagnostic anatomic pathology. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2005;22:126–138
  150. Horn SD, DeJong G, Ryser DK, Veazie PJ, Teraoka J. Another look at the observational studies in rehabilitation research: going beyond the holy grail of the randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(12 suppl 2):S8–S15
  151. Sorensen HT, Lash TL, Rothman KJ. Beyond randomized controlled trials: a critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies. Hepathology. 2006;44:1075–1082
  152. Bluhm R. From hierarchy to network. A richer view for evidence-based medicine. Perspect Biol Med. 2005;48.4:535–547
  153. Barclay S, Todd C, Finlay I, Grande G, Wyatt P. Not another questionnaire! Maximizing the response rate, predicting non-response and assessing non-response bias in postal questionnaire studies of GPs. Fam Pract. 2002;19:105–111
  154. Templeton L, Deehan A, Taylor C, Drummond C, Strang J. Surveying general practitioners: does a low response rate matter?. Br J Gen Pract. 1997;47:91–94
  155. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature: III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test: A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1994;271:389–391
  156. Boulet L, Becker A, Bowie D, McIvor A, Hernandez P, Rouleau M, et al. Implementing Practice Guidelines: a workshop on guidelines dissemination and implementation with a focus on asthma and COPD. Can Respir J. 2006;13(Suppl A):5–47
  157. Bartell J, Smith M. US physicians' perceptions of the effect of practice guidelines and ability to provide high-quality care. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005;10:69–76
  158. Mootz RD. When evidence and practice collide. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:551–553
  159. Graham ID, et al. Awareness and use of the Ottawa ankle and foot rules in 5 countries: Can publication alone be enough to changes practice?. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:259–266
  160. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Males T, Dixon AK, Karia KR, et al. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:475–480
  161. Sheldon TA, Cullum N, Dawson D, Lankshear A, Lowson K, Watt I, et al. What's the evidence that NICE guidance has been implemented? Results from a national evaluation using time series analysis, audit of patients' notes, and interviews. BMJ. 2004;329:999
  162. Natsch S, van der Meer JW. The role of clinical guidelines, policies and stewardship. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53:172–176
  163. Gabbay J, le May A. Evidence based guidelines or collectively constructed “mindlines?” Ethnographic studies of knowledge management in primary care. BMJ. 2004;329:1–5
  164. Biggs L, Hay D, Mirerau D. Canadian chiropractors' attitudes towards chiropractic philosophy and scope of practice: implications for the implementation of clinical practice guidelines. J Can Chirop Assoc. 1997;41:145–154
  165. Burgers JS. Guideline quality and guideline content: are they related?. Clin Chem. 2006;52:3–4
  166. Haldeman S, Chapman-Smith D, Petersen DM. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers; 1993;
  167. Henderson D, Chapman-Smith D, Miors S, Vernon H. Clinical guidelines for chiropractic practice in Canada. J Can Chiropr Assoc suppl. 1994;38
  168. Council on Chiropractice Practice . Vertebral subluxation in chiropractic practice. Clinical practice guideline; no 1. Chandler (AZ): The Council; 1998;ISBN: 0-9666598-0-5
  169. In: Recommended clinical protocols and guidelines for the practice of chiropractic. Arlington (VA): International Chiropractic Association; 2000;p. 218
  170. Cates JR, Young DN, Guerriero DJ, Jahn WT, Armine JP, Korbett AB, et al. Evaluating the quality of clinical practice guidelines. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:170–176
  171. Cates JR, Young DN, Guerriero DJ, Jahn WT, Armine JP, Korbett AB, et al. An independent assessment of chiropractic practice guidelines. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26:282–286
  172. Carey PF, Clum G, Dixon P. Final Report of the Identity Consultation Task Force. [monograph on the Internet] Toronto: World Federation of Chiropractic; 2005;Available from: http://www.wfc.org/website/WFC/website.nsf/WebPage/IdentityConsultation
  173. Nelson CF, Lawrence DJ, Triano JJ, Bronfort G, Perle SM, Metz RD, et al. Chiropractic as spine care: a model for the profession. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005;13:1–55
  174. Meeker WC, Haldeman S. Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:216–227
  175. Homola S. Chiropractic: history and overview of theories and methods. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;444:236–242
  176. Mootz RD. Chiropractic's current state: impact for the future. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:1–3
  177. Broughton R, Rathbone B. What makes a good clinical guideline?. 2001;[Serial on the internet] [cited 2007 Jul 9]; 1(11): [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk
  178. Watine J, Friedberg B, Nagy E, Onody R, Oosterhuis W, Bunting PS, et al. Conflict between guideline methodologic quality and recommendation validity: a potential problem for practitioners. Clin Chem. 2006;52:65–72
  179. Bergman DA. Evidence-based guidelines and critical pathways for quality improvement. Pediatrics. 1999;103(1 Suppl E):225–232
  180. Matowe L, Ramsay CR, Grimshaw JM, Gilbert FJ, Macleod MJ, Needham G. Effects of mailed dissemination of the Royal College of Radiologists' guidelines on general practitioner referrals for radiography: a time series analysis. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:575–578
  181. Bolton JE. Chiropractors' attitudes to, and perceptions of, the impact of continuing professional education on clinical practice. Med Educ. 2002;36:317–324
  182. Broadhurst NA, Barton CA, Yelland LN, Martin DK, Beilby JJ. Managing shoulder pain in general practice. The value of academic detailing. Aust Fam Physician. 2006;35:751–752
  183. Perry JJ, Stiell IG. Impact of clinical decision rules on clinical care of traumatic injuries to the foot and ankle, knee, cervical spine, and head. Injury. 2006;37:1157–1165Epub 2006 Oct 31
  184. Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. What is the evidence that postgraduate teaching in evidence based medicine changes anything? A systematic review. BMJ. 2004;329:1–5
  185. Vollmar HC, Schurer-Maly CC, Frahne J, Lelgemann M, Butzlaff M. An e-learning platform for guideline implementation—evidence- and case-based knowledge translation via the Internet. Methods Inf Med. 2006;45:389–396
  186. Jamison JR. Teaching diagnostic decision making: student evaluation of a diagnostic unit. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:315.e1–315.e9
  187. Ollenschlager G, Thomeczek C, Thalau F, Heymans L, Thole H, Trapp H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines in Germany, 1994 to 2004. From guideline methodology towards guideline implementation. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2005;99:7–13Article in German
  188. . A Hutchinson, A McIntosh, S Cox, C Gilbert, Towards efficient guidelines: how to monitor guideline use in primary care. Health Technol Assess 2003;7:iii, 1-97.
  189. . G Jamtvedt, JM Young, DT Kristoffersen, MA O'Brien, AD Oxman, Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD000259. Update of: Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD000259.
  190. Bennett JW, Glasziou PP. Computerised reminders and feedback in medication management: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Med J Aust. 2003;178:217–222
  191. Winkens R, Dinat G-J. Evidence base diagnostic research. Rational, cost effective use of investigations in clinical practice. BMJ. 2002;324:783–785
  192. Wong PK. Evidence-based practice to evidence-based policy: do we really impact on patient care?. Value Health. 2005;8:451–452
  193. Neumann PJ. Evidence-based and value based formulary guidelines. Health Aff. 2004;23:124–134
  194. Woolf AD. History and physical examination. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:381–402
  195. Physical diagnosis-locomotor system: a teaching guide. In:  Goldeman D editors. Patient Care Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Healthcare and Financial Publishing, Rogers Media; 2003;p. 171
  196. Crawford CM, Caputo LA, Littlejohn GO. Clinical assessment in rheumatic disease—back to basic. Top Clin Chiro. 2000;7:1–12
  197. Souza TA. In: Differential diagnosis and management for the chiropractor—protocols and algorithms. 2nd ed. Maryland: Aspen Publication; 2001;p. 1055
  198. Magee DJ. In: Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002;p. 1020
  199. Glas AS, Pijnenburg BA, et al. Comparison of diagnostic decision rules and structured data collection in assessment of acute ankle injury. CMAJ. 2002;166:727–733
  200. Blackmore CC. Clinical prediction rules in trauma imaging: Who, how, and why?. Radiology. 2005;235:371–374
  201. Beattie P, Nelson R. Clinical prediction rules: what are they and what do they tell us?. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52:157–183
  202. Childs JD, Cleland JA. Development and application of clinical prediction rules to improve decision making in physical therapy practice. Phys Ther. 2006;86:122–131
  203. Reilly BM, Evans AT. Translating research into practice: Impact of using prediction rules to make decisions. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:201–209
  204. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, Slutsky J, Grimshaw J, Deshpande AM. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: a proposal from the conference on guideline standardization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:493–498

PII: S0161-4754(07)00304-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.10.003

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 30, Issue 9 , Pages 617-683 , November 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution