Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 2-32 , January 2008

Diagnostic Imaging Guideline for Musculoskeletal Complaints in Adults—An Evidence-Based Approach—Part 2: Upper Extremity Disorders

  • André E. Bussières, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Chiropractic Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: André Bussières, DC, Professor, Département chiropratique, Université du Québec à trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
    • ,
  • Cynthia Peterson, DC, RN, MMedEd

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • ,
  • John A.M. Taylor, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Radiology, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York

Received 15 July 2007 ,Revised 27 September 2007 ,Accepted 14 October 2007.

References 

  1. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, Slutsky J, Grimshaw J, Deshpande AM. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: a proposal from the conference on guideline standardization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:493–498
  2. Bussières AE, Peterson C, Taylor JAM. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach: introduction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:617–683
  3. Whiting P, Rutjies AWS, Dinnes J, Reitma JB, Bossuyt PMM, Kleijnen JK. Development of validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Chap 9. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2004;8:59–65
  4. The Agree Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Safe Health Care. 2003;12:18–23
  5. Ricci S, Celani MG, Righetti E. Development of clinical guidelines: methological and practical issues. Neurol Sci. 2006;27(Suppl 3):S228–S230
  6. European Commission. Radiation protection 118. Referral guidelines for imaging in conjunction with the UK Royal College of Radiologists; Luxembourg 2001.
  7. Harbour R, Miller J for the SIGN grading review group. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001;323:334–336
  8. Simmons ED, Guyer RD, Graham-Smith A, Herzog R. Radiographic assessment for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:1839–1841
  9. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. In: Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed.. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1991;p. 441
  10. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugell PX, Trout KS, Stoddard GL. How to read clinical journals: II-to learn about diagnostic tests. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:703–709
  11. Thornbury JR. Clinical efficacy of diagnostic imaging: love it or leave it. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1–8
  12. In:  Belsey J,  Snell T editor. What is evidence-based medicine?. vol. 1:2000;[Serial on the internet] [cited 2007 Jul 14] [about 6 p.]. Available from: www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk
  13. Evidence-Based Health care Project. [Home page on the Internet]. Minnesota. Regents of the University of Minnesota; [updated: 2007, Nov 9; cited 2007 Jul 13]. Available from: http://evidence.ahc.umn.edu/
  14. Raine R, Sanderson C, Black N. Developing clinical guidelines: a challenge to current methods. BMJ. 2005;331:631–633
  15. Mootz RD. Chiropractic's current state: impact for the future. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:1–3
  16. In:  Broughton R,  Rathbone B editor. What makes a good clinical guideline?. vol. 1:2001;[Serial on the internet] [cited 2007 Jul 9] [about 8 p.]. Available from: www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk
  17. Mootz RD, Cherkin DC, Odegard CE, Eisenberg DM, Barassi JP, Deyo RA. Characteristics of chiropractic practitioners, patients, and encounters in Massachusetts and Arizona. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:645–653
  18. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Burton KA, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine. 2001;26:2504–2513
  19. Oakley PA, Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Hass JW. On “phantom risks” associated with diagnostic ionizing radiation: evidence in support of revising radiography standards and regulations in chiropractic. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2005;49:264–269
  20. Bussières AE, Ammendolia C, Peterson C, Taylor JAM. Ionizing radiation exposure–more good than harm? The preponderance of evidence does not support abandoning current standards and regulations. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2006;50:1003–1006
  21. Luckey TD. Nurture with ionizing radiation: a provocative hypothesis. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34:1–11
  22. Masse R. Ionizing radiation. CR Acad Sci III. 2000;323:633–640
  23. Trosko JE. Role of low-level ionizing radiation in multi-step carcinogenic process. Health phys. 1996;70:812–822
  24. Evans BF, Wennberg JE, McNeil BJ. The influence of diagnostic radiography on the incidence of breast cancer and leukemia. N Eng J Med. 1996;315:810–815
  25. Ron E. Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology. Radiat Res. 1998;150(5 Suppl):S30–S41
  26. Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediat Radiol. 2006;36(14 suppl):S121–S125
  27. Levy AR, Golberg MS, Mayo NE, Hanley JA, Poitras B. Reducing the life time risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopatic scoliosis. Spine. 1996;21:1540–1548
  28. Assessment and Management of Cancer Risks from Radiological and Chemical Hazards 1998 Health Canada, Atomic Energy Control Board. [monograph on the Internet], Ottawa: [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/radiation/98ehd-dhm216/98ehd-dhm216_e.pdf
  29. UNSCEAR. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation to the General Assembly. [monograph on the Internet]. Geneva: UNSEAR; 2000 Vol I and II, [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html
  30. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Researcher Council, Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation : BEIR VII—Phase 2., [monograph on the Internet], Washington: National Academy Press; 2006 [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11340.html
  31. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Darby S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic x-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet. 2004;363:345–351
  32. Peterson C, Hsu W. Indications for and use of x-rays. In: Haldeman  editors. Principles and practice of chiropractic. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw Hill; 2005;p. 661–681
  33. Owens JP, Ruth G, Keir MJ, Richardson D, Richardson A, et al. A survey of general practitioners opinions on the role of radiology in patients with low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1990;40:98–101
  34. Halpin SF, Yeoman L, Dundas DD. Radiographic examination of the lumbar spine in a community hospital: an audit of current practice. BMJ. 1991;303:813–815
  35. Liang M, Kattz JN, Frymoyer JW. Conventional radiographs in evaluating the spine. In:  Frymoyer JW editors. The Adult Spine. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 699–718
  36. Mootz RD, Hoffman LE, Hansen DT. Optimising clinical use of radiography and minimizing radiation exposure in chiropractic practice. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;4:34–44
  37. Nachemson A, Vingard E. Assessment of patients with neck and back pain: a best-evidence synthesis, chap 9. In:  Nachemson A,  Jonsson E editor. Neck and back pain—the scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis and treatment.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 189–235
  38. Ammendolia C, Bombardier C, Hogg-Johnson S, Glazier R. Views on radiography use for patients with acute low back pain among chiropractors in an Ontario community. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:511–520
  39. Vader JP, Terraz O, Perret L, Aroua A, Valley JF, Burnand B. Use of and irradiation from plain lumbar radiography in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004;134:419–422
  40. RCR Working Party. Making the Best Use of a Department of Clinical Radiology: Guidelines for Doctors. 5th ed.. London: Royal college of Radiologists; 2003;Available from: http://www.rcr.ac.uk
  41. Brooks P, March L, Bogduk N, Bellamy N, Spearing N, Fraser M, et al. Acute Australian Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group. Evidence-based management of acute musculoskeletal pain. Brisbane: National Health and Medical Research Council Australian Academic Press PTY LTD; 2003;[Monograph on the Internet] [cited 2006 Jan 30]. Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/_files/cp94.pdf
  42. Kocher MS, Horan MP, Briggs KK, Richardson TR, O'Holleran J, Hawkins RJ. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Subjective Shoulder Scale in patients with shoulder instability, rotator cuff disease, and glenohumeral arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg. 2005;87-A:2006–2011
  43. Fraenkel L, Shearer P, Mitchell P, LaValley M, Feldman J, Felson DT. Improving the selective use of plain radiographs in the initial evaluation of shoulder pain. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:200–204
  44. Mitchell C, Adebajo A, Carr A. Shoulder pain: diagnosis and management in general practice. BMJ. 2005;331:1124–1128
  45. Thomas E, Van der Windt DA, Hay EM, Smidt N, Dziedzic K, Bouter LM, et al. Two pragmatic trials of treatment for shoulder disorders in primary care: generalisability, course, and prognosis indicators. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:1056–1061
  46. Luime JJ, Koes BW, Hendriksen IJ, Burdof A, Vehagen AP, Miedema HS, et al. Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population: a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33:73–81
  47. Bot SDM, Van der Waal JM, Terwee CB, van der Windt DAWM, Bouter LM, Dekker J. Course and prognosis of elbow complaints: a cohort study in general practice. Ann Rheu Dis. 2005;64:1131–1136
  48. Vogt MT, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Nevitt MC, Kang JD, Rubin SM, et al. Neck and shoulder pain in 70- to 79-year-old men and women: findings from health, aging and body composition study. The Spine Journal. 2003;3:435–441
  49. Tan AL, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, Emery P, McGonagle D. Imaging of the musculoskeletal system: magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and computer tomography. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:513–528
  50. Bradley MP, Tung G, Green A, Providence RI. Overutilization of shoulder magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic screening tool in patients with chronic shoulder pain. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;233–237
  51. Clough TM, Bale RS. Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocation: the importance of the axillary radiographic view. Eur J Emerg Med 8:161-3.
  52. Dinnes J, Loveman E, McIntyre L, Waugh N. The effectiveness of diagnostic tests for the assessment of shoulder pain due to soft tissue disorders: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7:178
  53. Teefey SA, Rubin DA, Middleton WD, Hilbolt CF, Leibold RA, Yamaguchi K. Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. Comparison of ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings in seventy-one consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg AM. 2004;86-A:708–716
  54. Hendey GW. Necessity of radiographs in the emergency department management of shoulder dislocations. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:108–113
  55. Grassi W, Carotti E, Salaffi F. Imaging modalities for identifying the origin of regional musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:17–32
  56. Steinbach LS, Daffner RH, Dalinka MK, DeSmet AA, El-Khoury GY, Kneeland JB, et al. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Shoulder trauma. [online publication] Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;Available from: http://www.acr.org
  57. Bohndorf K, Kilcoyne RF. Traumatic injuries: imaging of peripheral musculoskeletal injuries. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1605–1616
  58. DeBerardino TM. Shoulder impingement syndrome. [database on the internet]; emedicine, [updated: 2006, Jun 8; cited 2006 Oct 10]. Available from: www.eMedicine.com
  59. Brox JI. Shoulder pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:33–56
  60. Calis M, Akgun K, Birtane M, Karacan I, Calis H, Tuzun F. Diagnostic values of clinical diagnostic tests in subacromial impingement syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59:44–47
  61. Fouquet B. Cinical examination as a tool for identifying the origin of regional musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:1–15
  62. Levine WN, Flatow EL. The pathophysiology of shoulder instability. Am J Sport Med. 2000;28:910–917
  63. Naredo E, Aguado P, De Miguel E, et al. Painful shoulder: comparison of physical examination and ultrasonographic finding. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:132–136
  64. Bonsell S, Pearsall AW, Heitman RJ, Helms CA, Major , Speer KP. The relationship of age, gender, and degenerative changes observed on radiographs of the shoulder in asymptomatic individuals. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Nov;82:1135–1139
  65. Nyffeler RW, Werner CM, Sukthankar A, Schmid MR, Gerber C. Association of a large lateral extension of the acromion with rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:800–805
  66. Ferrari FS, Governi S, Burresi F, Vigni F, Stefani P. Supraspinatus tendon tears: comparison of US and MR arthrography with surgical correlation. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1211–1217
  67. Milosavljevic J, Elvin A, Rahme H. Ultrasonography of the rotator cuff: a comparison with arthrography in one-hundred-and-ninety consecutive cases. Acta Radiol. 2005;46:858–865
  68. Ardic F, Kahraman Y, Kacar M, Kahraman , Findikoglu G, Yorgancioglu ZR. Shoulder impingement syndrome: relationships between clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:53–60
  69. Saupe N, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR, Jost B, Werner CM, Zanetti M. Association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:376–382
  70. Nove-Josserand L, Edwards TB, O'Connor DP, Walch G. The acromiohumeral and coracohumeral intervals are abnormal in rotator cuff tears with muscular fatty degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;90–96
  71. Goltzman D. Epidémiologie et pathophysiologie de l'ostéoporose. Chap. 1. La prise en charge de l'ostéoprose au Canada: diagnostic, prévention et traitement. 2nd ed.. Toronto: Advance Healthcare Strategy Inc.; 2002;
  72. Lee MH, Ahn JM, Muhle C, Kim SH, Park JS, Kim SH, et al. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: diagnosis using MR arthrography, with arthroscopic findings as the standards. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:901–906
  73. Jung JY, Jee WH, Chun HJ, Kim YS, Chung YG, Kim JM. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: evaluation with MR arthrography. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:791–796
  74. Manton GL, Schweitzer ME, Weishaupt D, Karasick D. Utility of MR arthrography in the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis. Skelet Radiol. 2001;30:326–330
  75. Tremblay C. L'imagerie médicale de l'épaule douloureuse. Le Médecin du Québec. 2003;38:63–67
  76. Hyvonen P, Paivansalo M, Lehtiniemi H, Leppilahti J, Jalovaara P. Supraspinatus outlet view in the diagnosis of stages II and III impingement syndrome. Acta Radiol. 2001;42:441–446[Erratum in: Acta Radiol 2001;42:624]
  77. Gohlke F, Barthel T, Gandorfer A. The influence of variations of the coracoacromial arch on the development of rotator cuff tears. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1993;113:28–32
  78. Bontrager KL, Lampignano JP. In: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy. 6th ed.. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2005;p. 195
  79. Largacha M, Parsons IMT, Campbell B, Titelman RM, Smith KL, Matsen F. Deficits in shoulder function and general health associated with sixteen common shoulder diagnoses: a study of 2674 patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:30–39
  80. Faber AJ, Acstillo R, Clough M, Bahk M, McFarland EG. Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88:1467–1474
  81. Lo YKY, Nonweiler B, Woolfrey M, Litchfield R, Kirkley A. An evaluation of the apprehension, relocation, and surprise tests for anterior shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:301–307
  82. Liu SH, Henry MH, Nuccion S, et al. Diagnosis of labral tears. A prospective evaluation of a new physical examination in predicating glenoid labral tears. Am J Sport Med. 1996;24:721–725
  83. Shuster M, Abu-Laban RB, Boyd J. Prereduction radiographs in clinically evident anterior shoulder dislocation. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:653–658
  84. Farber JM, Buckwalter KA. Sports-related injuries of the shoulder: instability. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002;40:235–249
  85. Robinson G, Ho Y, Finlay K, Friedman L, Harish S. Normal anatomy and common labral lesions at MR arthrography of the shoulder. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:805–821
  86. Hendey GW, Chally MK, Stewart VB. Selective radiography in 100 patients with suspected shoulder dislocation. J Emerg Med. 2006;31:23–28
  87. Emond M, Le Sage N, Lavoie A, Rochette L. Clinical factors predicting fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:853–858
  88. Guidelines for initial evaluation of the adult patient with acute musculoskeletal symptoms. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1–8
  89. Montellese P, Dancy T. The acromioclavicular joint. Prim Care. 2004;31:857–866
  90. Shubin Stein BE, Ahmad CS, Pfaff CH, Bigliani LU, Levine WN. A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings of the acromioclavicular joint in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15:56–59
  91. Mayerhoefer ME, Breitenseher MJ, Roposch A, Treitl C, Wurnig C. Comparison of MRI and conventional radiography for assessment of acromial shape. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:671–675
  92. de Abreu MR, Chung CB, Wesselly M, Jin-Kim H, Resnick D. Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis: comparison of findings derived from MR imaging and conventional radiography. Clin Imaging. 2005;29:273–277
  93. Ernberg LA, Potter HG. Radiological evaluation of the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:255–275
  94. Wainstein JL, Nailor TE. Tendinitis and tendinosis of the elbow, wrist, and hands. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2006;5:299–322
  95. Steinbach LS, Dalinka MK, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, El-Khoury GY, Kneeland JB, et al. In: Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Chronic elbow pain. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;p. 5;[online publication] [37 references]. Available from: http://www.acr.org
  96. van Holsbeeck MT. In: Musculoskeletal ultrasound. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2001;p. 517
  97. In: Elbow (acute & chronic). Corpus Christi (TX): Work Loss Data Institute; 2006;p. 141;[online publication] [292 references]. Available from: http://www.guideline.gov
  98. Palmer K, Walker-Bone K, Linaker C, Reading L, Kellingway S, Coggon D, et al. The Southampton examination schedule for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb. Ann Rheumatic Diseases. 2000;59:5–11.
  99. Promerance J. Radiographic analysis of lateral epycondylitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:156–157
  100. Palmer KT. Pain in the forearm, wrist and hand. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:113–135
  101. Nirschl RP, Ashman ES. Elbow tendinopathy: tennis elbow. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:813–836
  102. Docherty MA, Schwab RA, Ma OJ. Can elbow extension be used as a test of clinically significant injury?. South Med J. 2002;95:539–541
  103. O'Driscoll SW. Classification and evaluation of recurrent instability of the elbow. Clin Orthop. 2000;370:34–43
  104. Hassett RG. The role of imaging of work-related upper extremity disorders. Clin Occup Environ Med. 2006;5:285–298
  105. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) . In: AAOS clinical guideline on wrist pain—phase I. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS); 2002;p. 15;[79 references]
  106. Dalinka MK, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, El-Khoury GY, Kneeland JB, Manaster BJ, et al. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Chronic wrist pain. [online publication] In: Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;p. 7;[17 references]. Available from: http://www.acr.org
  107. Nagle DJ. Evaluation of chronic wrist pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:45–55
  108. DiMarcangelo M, Smith P. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose common wrist disorders. J Am Ostopath Assoc. 2000;100:228–231
  109. ACR Practice Guideline for the Performance of Radiography of the Extremities. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2003;[online publication] (Amended 2006). Available from: http://www.acr.org
  110. Bianchi S, Martnoli C, Sureda D, Rizzatto G. Ultrasound of the hand. Eur J Ultrasound. 2001;14:29–34
  111. Brody GA, Stoller DW. The wrist and hand. In:  Stoller DW editors. Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopaedics and sports medicine. 3rd ed.. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006;p. 2304
  112. Van Vugt RM, Bijlsam JW, van Vugt AC. Chronic wrist pain: diagnosis and management. Development and use of a new algorithm. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:665–674
  113. Haims AH, Moore AE, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Deely D, Culp RW, et al. MRI in the diagnosis of cartilage injury in the wrist. Am J Radiol. 2004;182:333–336
  114. Zanetti M, Saupe N, Nagy L. Role of MR imaging in chronic wrist pain. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:927–938
  115. Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:675–692
  116. Whittaker JP, Kelly CP, Gregson PA. Acute flexor calcific peritendinitis of the wrist after trauma. Injury, Int J Care Injured Case report. 2003;34:533–534
  117. Bongers PM, Kremer AM, ter Laak J. Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist? A review of the epidemiological literature. Am J Ind Med. 2002;41:315–342
  118. Gomes I, Becker J, Ehlers JA, Nora DB. Prediction of the neurophysiological diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome from the demographic and clinical data. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:964–971
  119. Kenneth GM. Examining the wrist 1-2-3, the upper extremity. In:  Kenneth GM editors. Physical Diagnosis, Patient Care Canada. 12:Toronto: Health Care and Financial Publishing, Rogers Media; 2001;p. 37–66
  120. Wainner RS, Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Delitto A, Allison S, Boninger ML. Development of a clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:609–618
  121. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Ornstein E. Diagnostic properties of nerve conduction tests in population-based carpal tunnel syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003;4:9
  122. Werner RA, Andary M. Carpal tunnel syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:1373–1381
  123. Jarvik J, Yuen E, Kliot M. Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Electrodiagnostic and MR imaging evaluation. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2004;14:93–102
  124. Beekman R, Visser LH. High-resolution sonography of the peripheral nervous system—a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11:305–314
  125. Salaffi F, Carotti M, Stancati A, Grassi W. Radiographic assessment of osteoarthritis: analysis of disease progression. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15:391–404
  126. Crawford CM, Caputo LA, Littlejohn GO. Clinical assessment in rheumatic disease—back to basic. Top Clin Chiropr. 2000;7:1–12
  127. Kainberger F, Peloschek P, Langs G, Boegl K, Bischorf H. Differential diagnosis of rheumatic diseases using conventional radiography. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18:783–811
  128. Jbara M, Patnana M, Kazmi F, Beltran J. MR imaging: arthropathies and infectious conditions of the elbow, wrist, and hand. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006;44:625–642
  129. Tehranzadeh J, Ashikyan O, Anavim A, Tramma S. Enhanced MR imaging of tenosynovitis of hand and wrist in inflammatory arthritis. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:814–822
  130. Clinical GUIPCAR Group. Clinical practice guideline for the management of rheumatoid arthritis in Spain. In: Madrid: Spanish Society of Rheumatology; 2001;p. 170;[430 references]
  131. Rindfleisch JA, Muller D. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. American Family Physician. 2005;72:1037–1047www.aafp.org/afp
  132. Mierau R, Genth E. Diagnosis and prognosis of early rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on laboratory analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44:138–143
  133. Rowe LJ, Yochum TR. Arthritic disorders. In:  Yochum TR,  Rowe LJ editor. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 2005;p. 985
  134. Østergaard M, Duer A, MØllere U, Ejberg B. Magnetic imaging of peripheral joints in rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18:861–879
  135. Colamussi P, Prandini N, Cittanti C, Feggi L, Giganti M. Scintigraphy in rheumatic diseases Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18:909–926
  136. Scutellari PN, Orzincolo C. Rheumatoid arthritis: sequences. Eur J Radiol. 1998;27(Supp 1):S31–S38
  137. Backhaus M, Burmester GR, Sandrock D, Loreck D, Hess D, Scholz A, et al. Prospective 2 year follow up study comparing novel and conventional imaging procedures in patients with arthritic joint finger joints. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;6:895–904
  138. Peterfy CG. New developments in imaging in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15:288–289
  139. Wolfs JF, Peul WC, Boers M, van Tulder MW, Brand R, van Houwelingen HJ, et al. Rationale and design of The Delphi Trial—I(RCT)2: international randomized clinical trial of rheumatoid craniocervical treatment, an intervention-prognostic trial comparing ‘early’ surgery with conservative treatment [ISRCTN65076841]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:14
  140. Baddoura R, Haddad S, Awada H, Al-Masri AF, Merheb G, Attoui S, et al. Severity of rheumatoid arthritis: the SEVERA study. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;15:1–5
  141. Reiter MF, Boden S. Inflammatory disorders of the cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:2755–2766
  142. Riise T, Jacobsen BK, Gran JT. High mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and atlantoaxial subluxation. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:2425–2429
  143. Tehranzadeh J, Ashikyan O, Dascalos J. Magnetic resonance imaging in early detection of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2003;7:79–94
  144. El-Khoury GY, Bennett DL, Dalinka MK, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, Kneeland JB, et al. In: Expert panel on musculoskeletal imaging. Chronic foot pain. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;p. 7;[online publication] [58 references]. Available from: http://www.acr.org
  145. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). [online publication] In: Olympia (WA): Washington State Department of Labor and Industries; 2002;p. 9;[2 references]. Available from: http://www.guideline.gov
  146. Saldana MJ. Trigger digits: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:246–252
  147. Rubin DA, Dalinka MK, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, El-Khoury GY, Kneeland JB, et al. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Acute hand and wrist trauma. [online publication] In: Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;p. 8;[47 references]. Available from: http://www.acr.org
  148. Cevik AA, Gunal I, Manisali M, Yanturali S, Atilla R, Holliman CJ. Evaluation of physical findings in acute wrist trauma in the emergency department. Ulus Travma Derg. 2003;9:257–261
  149. Schernberg F. Fractures récentes du scaphoïde (moins de trois semaines)—Scaphoïd fractures within the first three weeks. Chirurgie de la Main. 2005;24:117–131
  150. Waeckerle JF. A prospective study identifying the sensitivity of radiographic findings and the efficacy of clinical findings in carpal navicular fractures. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:733–737
  151. Mehta M, Brautigan MW. Fracture of the carpal navicular–efficacy of clinical findings and improved diagnosis with six-view radiography. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:255–257
  152. Daffner RH, Emmerling EW, Buterbaugh GA. Proximal and distal oblique radiography of the wrist: value in occult injuries. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1992;17:499–503
  153. Wollstein R, Wandzy N, Mastlla DJ, Carlson L, Watson HK. A radiographic view of the Scaphotrapezium-Trapezoid joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2005;30A:1161–1163
  154. Özçelik A, Günal İ, Köse N. Stress views in the radiography of scapholunate instability. Eur J Radiol. 2005;56:358–361
  155. Schädel-Höpfner M, Böhringer G, Gotzen L, Click I. Traction radiography for the diagnosis of scapholunate ligament tears. J Hand Surg [Br]. 2005;30B:464–467
  156. Stoller DW, Tirman PF, Bredella MA. Diagnostic imaging—orthopaedics. In: Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2004;p. 38
  157. Newberg A, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, Berquist TH, Daffner RH, DeSmet AA, et al. Acute hand and wrist trauma. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology. 2000;215(Suppl):375–378
  158. Souza TA. In: Differential diagnosis and management for the chiropractor, Third Edition: protocols and algorithms. 3rd ed.. Gaitherburg: Aspen; 2005;p. 251
  159. Lichtman DM, Gaenslen ES, Pollock GR. Midcarpal and proximal carpal instabilities. In:  Lichtman DM,  Alexander AH editor. The wrist and its disorders. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1997;p. 316–328
  160. Breederveld RS, Tuinebreijer WE. Investigation of computed tomographic scan concurrent criterion validity in doubtful scaphoid fracture of the wrist. J Trauma. 2004;57:851–854
  161. Ivers RQ, Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Peduto AJ. The accuracy of self-reported fractures in older people. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:452–457
  162. Dubert T. Fracture récentes des articulations IPP—Acute PIP joint fractures. Chirurgie de la Main. 2005;24:1–16
  163. Helms CA. In: Fundamentals of skeletal radiology. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2004;p. 235
  164. Greenspan A. In: Orthopedic imaging—a practical approach. 4th ed.. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2004;p. 209

PII: S0161-4754(07)00313-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.11.002

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 2-32 , January 2008

Article Tools