Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 33-88 , January 2008

Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines for Musculoskeletal Complaints in Adults—An Evidence-Based Approach—Part 3: Spinal Disorders

  • André E. Bussières, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Chiropractic Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: André E. Bussières, DC, Professor, Département Chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
    • ,
  • John A.M. Taylor, DC

      Affiliations

    • Professor of Radiology, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York
    • ,
  • Cynthia Peterson, DC, RN, MMedEd

      Affiliations

    • Professor, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Received 15 July 2007 ,Revised 28 September 2007 ,Accepted 14 October 2007.

References 

  1. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, Slutsky J, Grimshaw J, Deshpande AM. Standardized reporting of clinical practice guidelines: a proposal from the conference on guideline standardization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:493–498
  2. Bussières AE, Peterson C, Taylor JAM. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach: introduction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:617–683
  3. Whiting P, Rutjies AWS, Dinnes J, Reitma JB, Bossuyt PMM, Kleijnen JK. Development of validation of methods for assessing the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. Chap 9. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2004;8:59–65
  4. The Agree Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12:18–23
  5. Ricci S, Celani MG, Righetti E. Development of clinical guidelines: methodological and practical issues. Neurol Sci. 2006;27(Suppl 3):S228–S230
  6. European Commission . Radiation protection 118. Referral guidelines for imaging in conjunction with the UK Royal College of Radiologists; Luxembourg. 2001;
  7. Harbour R, Miller J. for the SIGN grading review group. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001;323:334–336
  8. Simmons ED, Guyer RD, Graham-Smith A, Herzog R. Radiographic assessment for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:1839–1841
  9. Cooperstein R, Perle SM, Gleberzon BJ, Peterson DH. Flawed trials, flawed analysis: why CPB should avoid rating itself. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2006;50:97–102
  10. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. In: Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed.. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1991;p. 441
  11. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugell PX, Trout KS, Stoddard GL. How to read clinical journals: II. To learn about diagnostic test. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:703–709
  12. Thornbury JR. Clinical efficacy of diagnostic imaging: love it or leave it. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1–8
  13. In:  Belsey J,  Snell T editor. What is evidence-based medicine?. 2000;[Serial on the internet]; [cited 2007 Jul 14]; 1(2): [about 6 p.]. Available from http://www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk
  14. Evidence-Based Health care Project. [Home page on the Internet], Minnesota. Regents of the University of Minnesota; [updated: 2007, Nov 9; cited 2007 Jul 13]. Available from: http://evidence.ahc.umn.edu/.
  15. Raine R, Sanderson C, Black N. Developing clinical guidelines: a challenge to current methods. BMJ. 2005;331:631–633
  16. Mootz RD. Chiropractic's current state: impact for the future. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:1–3
  17. In:  Broughton R,  Rathbone B editor. What makes a good clinical guideline?. 2001;[Serial on the internet]; [cited 2007 Jul 9]; 1(11): [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk
  18. Mootz RD, Cherkin DC, Odegard CE, Eisenberg DM, Barassi JP, Deyo RA. Characteristics of chiropractic practitioners, patients, and encounters in Massachusetts and Arizona. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:645–653
  19. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Burton KA, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine. 2001;26:2504–2513
  20. Oakley PA, Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Hass JW. On “phantom risks” associated with diagnostic ionizing radiation: evidence in support of revising radiography standards and regulations in chiropractic. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2005;49:264–269
  21. Bussières AE, Ammendolia C, Peterson C, Taylor JAM. Ionizing radiation exposure—more good than harm? The preponderance of evidence does not support abandoning current standards and regulations. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2006;50:1003–1006
  22. Luckey TD. Nurture with ionizing radiation: a provocative hypothesis. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34:1–11
  23. Masse R. Ionizing radiation. CR Acad Sci III. 2000;323:633–640
  24. Trosko JE. Role of low-level ionizing radiation in multi-step carcinogenic process. Health Phys. 1996;70:812–822
  25. Evans BF, Wennberg JE, McNeil BJ. The influence of diagnostic radiography on the incidence of breast cancer and leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1996;315:810–815
  26. Ron E. Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology. Radiat Res. 1998;150(5 Suppl):S30–S41
  27. Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36(14 suppl):S121–S125
  28. Levy AR, Golberg MS, Mayo NE, Hanley JA, Poitras B. Reducing the life time risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1996;21:1540–1548
  29. Assessment and Management of Cancer Risks from Radiological and Chemical Hazards 1998 Health Canada, Atomic Energy Control Board. [Monograph on the Internet], Ottawa: [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/radiation/98ehd-dhm216/98ehd-dhm216_e.pdf.
  30. UNSCEAR. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation to the General Assembly. [Monograph on the Internet], Geneva: UNSEAR; 2000 Vol I and II, [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html.
  31. Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Researcher Council, Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII—Phase 2. [Monograph on the Internet], Washington: National Academy Press; 2006 [cited 2007 Jul 14]. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11340.html.
  32. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Darby S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet. 2004;363:345–351
  33. Peterson C, Hsu W. Indications for and use of x-rays. In:  Haldeman S editors. Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 661–681
  34. Owens JP, Ruth G, Keir MJ, Spencer H, Richardson D, Richardson A, et al. A survey of general practitioners opinions on the role of radiology in patients with low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1990;40:98–101
  35. Halpin SF, Yeoman L, Dundas DD. Radiographic examination of the lumbar spine in a community hospital: an audit of current practice. BMJ. 1991;303:813–815
  36. Liang M, Kattz JN, Frymoyer JW. Conventional radiographs in evaluating the spine. In:  Frymoyer JW editors. The Adult Spine. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 699–718
  37. Mootz RD, Hoffman LE, Hansen DT. Optimising clinical use of radiography and minimizing radiation exposure in chiropractic practice. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;4:34–44
  38. Nachemson A, Vingard E. Assessment of patients with neck and back pain: A best-evidence synthesis, chap 9. In:  Nachemson A,  Jonsson E editor. Neck and back pain—The scientific evidence of causes, diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 189–235
  39. Ammendolia C, Bombardier C, Hogg-Johnson S, Glazier R. Views on radiography use for patients with acute low back pain among chiropractors in an Ontario community. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:511–520
  40. Vader JP, Terraz O, Perret L, Aroua A, Valley JF, Burnand B. Use of and irradiation from plain lumbar radiography in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004;134:419–422
  41. Coulter I, Shekelle P. Chiropractic in North America: A descriptive analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:83–89
  42. Brooks P, March L, Bogduk N, Bellamy N, Spearing N, Fraser M, et al. Acute Australian Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Group. Evidence-based Management of acute musculoskeletal pain. Brisbane: National Health and Medical Research Council Australian Academic Press Pty Ltd; 2003;[Monograph on the Internet]; [cited 2006 Jan 30]. Available from: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/cp94.pdf
  43. Van den Bosch MAAJ, Hollingworth W, Kinmonth AL, Dixon AK. Evidence against the use of lumbar spine radiography for low back pain. Clin Radiol. 2004;59:69–76
  44. Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:586–597
  45. Holmes JF, Panacek EA, Miller PQ, Lapdis AD, Mower WR. Prospective evaluation of criteria for obtaining thoracolumbar radiographs in trauma patients. J Emerg Med. 2003;24:1–7
  46. Hsu JM, Joseph T, Ellis AM. Thoracolumbar fractures in blunt trauma patients: guidelines for diagnosis and imaging. Injury. 2003;34:426–433
  47. Bagley LJ. Imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006;44:1–12
  48. Berry GE, Adams S, Harris MB, Boles CA, McKernan MG, Collinson F, et al. Are plain radiographs of the spine necessary during evaluation after blunt trauma? Accuracy of screening torso computed tomography in thoracic/lumbar spine fracture diagnosis. J Trauma. 2005;59:1410–1413
  49. Braddock EJ, Greenlee J, Hammer RE, Johnson SF, Martello MJ, O'Connell MR, et al. In: Manual medicine guidelines for musculoskeletal injuries [online publication]. California: Academy for Chiropractic Education; 2004;p. 25;[39 references]. Available from: http://www.guideline.gov/
  50. Rechtine GR. Nonoperative management and treatment of spinal injuries. Spine. 2006;31(Suppl):S22–S27
  51. Harrop J, Vaccaro AR, Hurlbert RJ, Wilsey JT, Baron EM, Shaffrey CI, et al Intrarater and interrater reliability and validity in the assessment of the mechanism of injury and integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex: a novel injury severity scoring system for thoracolumbar injuries. Invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves, March 2005. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;4:118–122
  52. Vaccaro AR, Lehman RA, Hurlbert RJ, Anderson PA, Harris M, Hedlund R, et al A new classification of thoracolumbar injuries: the importance of injury morphology, the integrity of the posterior ligament complex, and neurologic status. Spine. 2005;30:2325–2333
  53. Vaccaro AR, Baron EM, Sanfilippo J, Jacoby S, Steuve J, Grossman E, et al. Reliability of a novel classification system for thoracolumbar injuries: The Thoracolumbar Injury Severity Score. Spine. 2006;31(Suppl):S62–S69
  54. Van Goethem JWM, Maes M, Özsarlak Ö, van den Hauwe L, Parizel PM. Imaging in spinal trauma. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:582–590
  55. Brown CV, Antevil JL, Sise MJ, Sack DI. Spiral computer tomography for the diagnosis of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine fractures: its time has come. J Trauma. 2005;58:890–895
  56. Gray L, Vandemark R, Hays M. Thoracic and lumbar trauma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2001;22:125–134
  57. Miller LA. Chest wall, lung, and pleural space trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006;44:213–224
  58. Kuklo TR, Potter BK, Ludwig SC, Anderson PA, Lindsey RW, Vaccaro AR. Spine Trauma Study Group. Radiographic measurement techniques for sacral fractures consensus statement of the Spine Trauma Study Group. Spine. 2006;31:1047–1055
  59. McCormick JP, Morgan SJ, Smith WR. Clinical effectiveness of the physical examination in diagnosis of posterior pelvic ring injuries. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17:257–261
  60. Hodges SD, Eck JC, Humphreys SC. A treatment and outcomes analysis of patients with coccydynia. Spine J. 2004;4:138–140
  61. De Andres J, Chaves S. Coccygodynia: a proposal for an algorithm for treatment. J Pain. 2003;4:257–266
  62. Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G. Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine. 2000;25:3072–3079
  63. RCR Working Party . Making the Best Use of a Department of Clinical Radiology: Guidelines for Doctors. 5th ed.. London: Royal College of Radiologists; 2003;Available from: http://www.rcr.ac.uk
  64. Maigne JY, Lagauche D, Doursounian L. Instability of the coccyx in coccydynia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:1038–1041
  65. Stiell IG, Wells G, Vandemheen KL, Clement CM, Lesiuk H, De Maio VL, et al The Canadian cervical spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA. 2001;286:1841–1848
  66. Stiell IG, Clement CM, McKnight RD, Brison R, Schull MJ, Rowe BH, et al. The Canadian C-Spine Rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria patients with trauma. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2510–2518
  67. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Tood KH, Zucker M National Emergency X-Radiography Utilisation Study Group. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94–99
  68. Bandiera G, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Clement C, De Maio V, Vandemheen KL. The Canadian C-Spine Rule performs better than unstructured physician judgment. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:395–402
  69. No authors listed . Radiographic assessment of the cervical spine in asymptomatic trauma patients. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(3 Suppl):S30–S35
  70. Provinciali L, Baroni M. Clinical approaches to whiplash injuries: a review. Crit Rev Phys Rehab Med. 1999;11:339–368
  71. Maak TG, Tominaga Y, Panjabi MM, Ivancic PC. Alar, transverse, and apical ligament strain due to head-turned rear impact. Spine. 2006;31:632–638
  72. Touger M, Gennis P, Nathanson N, Lowery DW, Pollark CV, Hoffman JR, et al. Validity of a decision rule to reduce cervical spine radiography in elderly patients with blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:287–293
  73. Foreman SM, Croft AC. Whiplash injuries—the acceleration/deceleration syndrome. 2nd ed.. Baltimore: William & Wilkins; 1995;
  74. Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, et al. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine. 1995;20(8 Suppl):1S–73S
  75. Duranceau JA. Les maladies du système locomoteur. La guérison des tissus mous. Le Clinicien. 2001;121–132
  76. Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Whiplash injury. Pain. 1994;58:283–307
  77. Rogers LF. Traumatic lesions of bones and joints. In:  Juhl JH,  Crummy AB editor. Essentials of radiologic imaging. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1987;p. 35–84
  78. Rengachary SS. Bone morphogenetic proteins: basic concepts. Article 2. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;13:1–6
  79. Rosen H. Fracture healing and pseudoarthrosis. In:  Taveras JM,  Ferrucci JT,  Dalinka MK editor. Radiology Diagnosis—Imaging Intervention. Skeletal Radiology. Vol. 5:Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998;p. (5)110:3
  80. Pilitsis J, Lucas D, Regachary SR. Bone healing and spinal fusion. Article 1. Neurosug Focus. 2002;13:1–6
  81. Walker DH, Wright NM. Bone morphogenetic proteins and spinal fusion. Article 3. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;13:1–13
  82. Verhagen AP, Scholten-Peeters GG, de Bie RA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Conservative treatments for whiplash. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;CD003338
  83. Côté P, Hogg-Jhonson S, Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Frank JW, Bombardier C. Initial pattern of clinical care and recovery from whiplash injuries: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2257–2263
  84. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R. Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury. Pain. 2005;114:141–148
  85. Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J. Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain. 2006;122:102–108
  86. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. Is a lifetime history of neck injury in a traffic collision associated with prevalent neck pain, headache and depressive symptomatology?. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32:151–159
  87. Berglund A, Alfredsson L, Cassidy JD, Jensen I, Nygren A. The association between exposure to a rear-end collision and future neck or shoulder pain: a cohort study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:1089–1094
  88. Berglund A, Alfredsson L, Jenson I, Cassidy JD, Nygren A. The association between exposure to a rear-end collision and future health complaints. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:851–856
  89. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Characterization of acute whiplash-associated disorders. Spine. 2004;29:182–188
  90. Hanson JA, Blackmore CC, Mann FA, Wilson AJ. Cervical spine injury: a clinical decision rule to identify high-risk patients for helical CT screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:713–717
  91. Antevil JL, Sise MJ, Sack DI, Kidder B, Hopper A, Brown CV. Spiral computed tomography for the initial evaluation of spine trauma: a new standard of care?. Trauma. 2006;61:382–387
  92. Bub LD, Blackmore CC, Mann FA, Lomoschitz FM. Cervical spine fractures in patients 65 years and older: a clinical prediction rule for blunt trauma. Radiology. 2005;234:143–149
  93. Miller JS, Craw MM. Diagnostic imaging of the cervical spine following whiplash-induced injury. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;4:26–33
  94. Jonsson H, Cesarini K, Sahlstedt B, Rauschning W. Findings and outcome in whiplash-type neck distortions. Spine. 1994;19:2733–2742
  95. Moore TA, Vaccaro AR, Anderson PA. Classification of lower cervical spine injuries. Spine. 2006;31(11 Suppl):S37–S43
  96. Radiographic assessment of the cervical spine in symptomatic trauma patients. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(3 Suppl):S36–S43
  97. Insko EK, Gracias VH, Gupta R, Goettler CE, Gaieski DF, Dalinka MK. Utility of flexion and extension radiographs of the cervical spine in the acute evaluation of blunt trauma. J Trauma. 2002;53:426–429
  98. Pollack CV, Hendey GW, Martin DR, Hoffman JR, Mower WR. Use of flexion–extension radiographs of the cervical spine in blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:8–11
  99. Lurie JD. What diagnostic tests are useful for low back pain?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19:557–575
  100. Mootz RD, Cherkin DC, Odegard CE, Eisenberg DM, Barassi JP, Deyo RA. Characteristics of chiropractic practitioners, patients, and encounters in Massachusetts and Arizona. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:645–653
  101. Rossignol M, Arsenault B. In: Guide de pratique—Clinique des lombalgies interdisciplinaires en première ligne, Direction de la Santé Publique de Montréal. 2006;p. 40
  102. Cassidy JD, Cote P, Carroll LJ, Kristman V. Incidence and course of low back pain episodes in the general population. Spine. 2005;30:2817–2823
  103. Waddell G, Burton AK. Occupational health guidelines for the management of low back pain at work: evidence review. Occup Med. 2001;51:124–135
  104. Borenstein DG, O'Mara JW, Boden SD, Lauerman WC, Jacobson A, Platenberg C, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects: a seven-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:1306–1311
  105. Kendrick D, Fielding K, Bentley E, Kerslake R, Miller P, Pringle M. Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with low back pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2001;322:400–405
  106. Kerry S, Hilton S, Dundas D, Rink E, Oakeshott P. Radiography for low back pain: a randomised controlled trial and observational study in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:469–474
  107. Miller P, Kendrick D, Bentley E, Fielding K. Cost-effectiveness of lumbar radiography in primary care patient with low back pain. Spine. 2002;27:2291–2297
  108. In: Institute for Work & Health  editors. Guidelines: Special studies—Plain X-Rays—Summary. 1999;[Monograph on the Internet]; [cited 2003 Nov 30]. Available from: http://www.backguide.com/guidelin/speplsu.htm
  109. Kendrick D, Fielding K, Bentley E, Miller P, Kerslake R, Pringle M. The role of radiography in primary care patients with low back pain of at least 6 weeks duration: a randomised (unblinded) controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2001;5:1–69
  110. Nachemson AL. The lumbar spine: an orthopaedic challenge. Spine. 1976;1
  111. Bigos SJ, Bowyer O, Braen GR, et al. Acute low-back pain problems in adults: clinical guideline no.14. AHCPR publication no. 95-0642. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, United States Department of Health Human Services; 1994;
  112. Bradley WG, Seidenwurm DJ, Brunberg JA, Davis PC, La Paz DE, Dormont D, et al. In: Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging  editors. Low Back Pain. Reston (VA): American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005;p. 7;[online publication][23 references]. Available from: http://www.guideline.gov
  113. Van M, Tulder W, Assendelf WJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Spinal radiographic findings and low back pain. A systematic review of observational studies. Spine. 1997;22:447–534
  114. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, Burton AK, Waddell G. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care—an international comparison. Spine. 2001;26:2504–2514
  115. In:  Brown A,  Angus D,  Chen S,  Tang Z,  Milne S,  Pfaff J,  Li H,  Mensinkai S editor. Costs and Outcomes of Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain. 2005;[Monograph on the Internet] Technology Report: Chiropractic treatment. (56). July. Available from: http://www.ccohta.ca
  116. Isaac DM, Marinac J, Sun C. Radiograph use in low back pain: a United States emergency department database analysis. J Emerg Med. 2004;26:37–45
  117. Fickel TE. Organ-specific dosimetry in spinal radiography: an analysis of genetic and somatic effects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:3–9
  118. Gonzalez L, Vaño E, Oliete S, Manrique J, Hernãez JM, Lahuerta J, et al. Report of an image quality and dose audit according to directive 97/43/Euratom at Spanish private radiodiagnostics facilities. Br J Radiol. 1999;72:186–192
  119. Johnston DA, Brennan PC. Reference dose levels for patients undergoing common diagnostic X-ray examinations in Irish hospitals. Br J Radiol. 2000;73:393–402
  120. Luomas K, Vehma T, Raininko R, Luukkonen R, Riihimaki H. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: relation to disc degeneration and low back pain. Spine. 2004;29:200–205
  121. Ammendolia C, Bombardier C, Hogg-Johnson S, Glazier R. Views on radiography use for patients with acute low back pain among chiropractors in an Ontario community. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:511–520
  122. Ammendolia C. Radiographic anomalies that may alter chiropractic intervention strategies found in a New Zealand population. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:375
  123. Assessment and Management of Cancer Risks from Radiological and Chemical Hazards. 1998;[Monograph on the Internet], Health Canada, Atomic Energy Control Board. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/radiation/98ehd-dhm216/98ehd-dhm216_e.pdf
  124. Berrington de González A, Darby S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet. 2004;363:345;http://www.thelancet.com
  125. Beutler WF, Fredrickson BE, Murtland A, Sweeney CA, Grant WD, Baker D. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation. Spine. 2003;28:1027–1035
  126. Mireau D, Cassidy JD, McGregor M, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. A comparison of the effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain with or without spondylolysthesis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:49–55
  127. Ventura JM, Justice B. Need for multiple diagnoses in the presence of spondylolisthesis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:41–42
  128. Halpin SF, Yeoman L, Dundas DD. Radiographic examination of the lumbar spine in a community hospital: an audit of current practice. BMJ. 1991;303:813–815
  129. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation : BEIR VII—Phase 2. [Monograph on the Internet], National Academy of Sciences 2005. Available from: http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11340.html.
  130. Mootz RD, Hoffman LE, Hansen DT. Optimising clinical use of radiography and minimizing radiation exposure in chiropractic practice. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;4:34–44
  131. Liang M, Kattz JN, Frymoyer JW. Plain film radiographs in evaluating the spine. In:  Frymoyer JW editors. The Adult Spine. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 699–718
  132. Leonardi M, Simonnetti L, Agati R. Neuroradiology of spine degenerative disease. Best Pract Res. 2002;16:59–87
  133. Owens JP, Ruth G, Keir MJ, Spencer H, Richardson D, Richardson A, et al. A survey of general practitioners opinions on the role of radiology in patients with low back pain. Br J Gen Pract. 1990;40:98–101
  134. Hollingworth W, Todd CJ, King H, Dixon AK, Karia KR, Kinmonth AL. Primary care referrals for lumbar spine radiography: diagnostic yield and clinical guidelines. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:475–480
  135. Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Haegerty PJ, Haynor DR, Boyko EJ, Deyo RA. Three-years incident of low back pain in an initially asymptomatic cohort: clinical and imaging risk factors. Spine. 2005;30:1541–1548
  136. Peterson CK, Bolton J, Hsu W, Wood A. A cross-sectional study comparing pain and disability levels in patients with low back pain with and without transitional lumbosacral vertebrae. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:570–574
  137. Taylor JAM. The role of radiography in evaluating the vertebral subluxation. In:  Gatterman M editors. Foundations of chiropractic: the subluxation. St-Louis (Mo): Mosby-Year Book; 1995;p. 68–86
  138. Hass M, Taylor JAM, Gillete RG. The routine use of radiographic spinal displacement analysis: A dissent. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:254–259
  139. Schultz G, Bassano J. Is radiography appropriate for detecting subluxations?. Top Clin Chiro. 1997;4:1–8
  140. Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Troyanovich SJ, Hansen DJ. The anterior–posterior full spine view: the worst radiographic view for determination of mechanics of the spine. Chiro Techn. 1996;8:163–170
  141. Coleman RR, Bernard BB, Harrison DE. The effects of x-axis vertebral translation on projected y-axis vertebral rotation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:333–340
  142. Coleman RR, Bernard BB, Harrison DE. Correlation and quantification of projected 2-dimentional radiographic images with actual 3-dimensional y-axis vertebral rotations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:21–25
  143. Coleman RR, Harrison DE, Fischer T, Harrison SO. Correlation and quantification of relative 2-dimentional projected vertebral endplate z-axis rotations with 3-dimensional y-axis vertebral rotations and focal spot elevations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:414–419
  144. Coleman RR, Harrison DE, Bernard BB. The effects of combined x-axis translations and y-axis rotations on projected lamina junction offset. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:509–513
  145. Coleman RR, Thomas IW. Movement of the projected pedicles relative to the projected vertebral body in a fourth lumbar vertebra during axial rotation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:403–407
  146. Nordin M, Balague F, Cedraschi C. Nonspecific lower-back pain: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:156–167
  147. Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans RL, Bouter LM. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilization for low back pain and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine J. 2004;4:335–356
  148. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, et al. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low back pain: Indication and ratings by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Santa Monica (Calif): RAND; 1991;Monograph No. R-4025/3-CCR/FCCR
  149. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitiz EL, Brook RH. Spinal manipulation for low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:590–598
  150. Peterson CK, Bolton JE, Wood AR. A cross-sectional study correlating lumbar spine degeneration with disability and pain. Spine. 2000;25:218–223
  151. Kauppila LI, McAlindon T, Evans S, Wison PW, Kiel D, Feldon DT. Disc degeneration/back pain and calcification of the abdominal aorta. A 25-year follow-up study in Framingham. Spine. 1997;22:1642–1647
  152. Karasik D, Kiel DP, Kiely DK, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, O'Donnell CJ, et al. Abdominal aortic calcification and exostoses at the hand and lumbar spine: the Framingham Study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;78:1–8
  153. Pye SR, Reid DM, Smith R, Adams JE, Nelson K, Silman AJ, et al. Radiographic features of lumbar disc degeneration and self-reported back pain. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:753–758
  154. Phillips RB, Frymoyer JW, Mac B, Pherson V, Newburg AH. Low back pain: A radiographic enigma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9:183–187
  155. Peterson C, Hsu W. Indications for and use of x-rays. In:  Haldeman S editors. Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 661–681
  156. Adams MA, Dolan P. Spine biomechanics. J Biomech. 2005;38:1972–1983
  157. Weber H, Holme I, Amlie E. The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam. Spine. 1993;18:1433–1438
  158. Vucetic N, Astrand P, Guntner P, Svensson O. Diagnosis and prognosis in lumbar disc herniation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;116–122
  159. Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Knottnerus JA. Predicting the outcome of sciatica at short-term follow-up. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:119–123
  160. Cassidy JD, Thiel HW, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Side posture manipulation for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:96–103
  161. Oliphant D. Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniation: A systematic review and risk assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:197–210
  162. Crawford CM, Hannan RF. Management of acute disk herniation presenting as mechanical low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:235–244
  163. Busse JW, Hsu WS. Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:350–355
  164. Vroomen PC, de Krom MC, Knottnerus JA. Diagnostic value of history and physical examination in patients suspected of sciatica due to disc herniation: a systematic review. J Neurol. 1999;246:899–906
  165. Heliövaara M, Impivaara O, Sievers K, Melkas T, Knekt P, Korpi J, et al. Lumbar disc syndrome in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1987;41:251–258
  166. Deyo RA, Loeser JD, Bigos SJ. Herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:598–603
  167. Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL. The rational clinical examination. What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain?. JAMA. 1992;268:760–765
  168. Andersson GB, Deyo RA. History and physical examination in patients with herniated lumbar discs. Spine. 1996;21:10S–18S
  169. Ioto K, Aebi M, Alini M. Aging and degeneration: Cause and effect of intervertebral disc damage. In:  Gunzburg R,  Szpalski M editor. Lumbar disc herniation. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2002;p. 72–83
  170. Leino-Arjas P, Kaila-Kangas L, Kauppininen T, Notkola V, Keskimäki I, Multane P. Occupational exposure and inpatient hospital care for lumbar intervertebral disc disorders among Finns. Am J Ind Med. 2004;46:513–520
  171. Awad JN, Moskovich R. Lumbar disc herniations: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;443:183–197
  172. Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Skinner JS, Hanscom B, Tosteson AN, et al. Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) observational cohort. J Am Med Ass. 2006;296:2451–2459
  173. Quon JA, Cassidy DJ, O'Connor SM, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: treatment by rotational manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:220–227
  174. Hubka MJ, Taylor JAM, Schultz GD, Traina AD. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: Chiropractic management using flexion, extension, and rotational manipulative therapy. Chiropractic Technique. 1991;3:5–12
  175. Peterson DH. Principles of adjustive technique. In:  Bergmann TF,  Peterson DH,  Lawrence DJ editor. Chiropractic Technique. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 1993;p. 123–195
  176. Stern PJ, Côté P, Cassidy JD. A series of consecutive cases of low back pain with radiating leg pain treated by chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:335–342
  177. Bergmann TF, Jongeward BV. Manipulative therapy in lower back pain with leg pain and neurological deficit. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:288–294
  178. Jensen A, Nykoliation J. Successful resolution of signs and symptoms from L4 radiculopathy with spinal manipulation: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2003;47:116–120
  179. Lisi AJ, Holmes EJ, Ammendolia C. High-velocity low-amplitude spinal manipulation for symptomatic lumbar disk disease: a systematic review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:429–442
  180. Santilli V, Beghi E, Finucci S. Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and simulated spinal manipulations. Spine J. 2006;6:131–137
  181. Modic MT, Steiberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;166:193–199
  182. Orendàcovà J, Cizkova D, Kafka J, Lukacova N, Marsala M, Sulla I, et al. Cauda equina syndrome. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;64:613–637
  183. Benoist M. The natural history of lumbar degenerative spinal stenosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2002;69:450–457
  184. Savage RA, Whitehouse GH, Roberts N. The relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the lumbar spine and back pain, age and occupation in males. Eur Spine J. 1997;6:106–114
  185. Waddel G, McIntosh A, Hutchinson A, Feder G, Lewis M. Low back pain evidence review. [Online publication]. London: Royal College of General Practitioners; 1999;Available from: http://www.rcgp.org.uk
  186. In:  Fournier E editors. Atlas d'électromyographie. Paris: Édition Médicales Internationales; 2000;
  187. In:  Leis AA,  Trapanive VC editor. Atlas of Electromyography. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 199
  188. Jarvik JJ, Hollingworth W, Heagerty P, Haynor DR, Deyo RA. The Longitudinal Assessment of Imaging and Disability of the Back (LAIDBack) Study: baseline data. Spine. 2001;26:1158–1166
  189. Hollingworth W, Gray DT, Martin BI, Sullivan SD, Deyo RA, Jarvik JG. Rapid magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing cancer-related low back pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:303–312
  190. Frymoyer J. Point of view. Spine. 2002;27:1926–1933
  191. Nachemson A, Spitzer WO, LeBlanc FE, et al. Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders. A monograph for clinicians: report of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders. Spine. 1987;12(Suppl 7):S1–S59
  192. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Cote P. Depression as a risk factor for onset of an episode of troublesome neck and low back pain. Pain. 2004;107:134–139
  193. Dionne CE, Boubonnais R, Frémont P, Rossignol M, Stock SR, Laroque I. A clinical return-to-work rule for patients with back pain. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;172:1559–1567
  194. Maher C. Clinical prediction rule for return to work after back pain. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;172:1575–1576
  195. Waddell G, Burton AK, Main CJ. Screening to identify people at risk of long-term incapacity for work. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd; 2003;
  196. Liang M, Komaroff AL. Roentgenograms in primary care patients with acute low back pain: a cost effectiveness analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:1108–1112
  197. Deyo RA, Diehl AK. Cancer as a cause of back pain: frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies. J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3:320–328
  198. Hass M, Nyiendo J, Peterson C, Thiel H, Seller T, Cassidy D, et al. Interrater reliability of roentgenological evaluation of the lumbar spine in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:179–189
  199. Carragee EJ, Hannibal M. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004;35:7–16
  200. Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM. Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain. Spine J. 2005;5:24–35
  201. Saal JS. General principles of diagnostic testing as related to painful lumbar spine disorders: a critical appraisal of current diagnostic techniques. Spine. 2002;27:2538–2545
  202. Tunks E. Neck pain and whiplash. In:  Gray J editors. Therapeutic choices. 4th ed.. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2003;p. 583
  203. Simmons ED, Guyer RD, Graham-Smith A, Herzog R. Radiographic assessment for patients with low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:1839–1841
  204. Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, et al. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:569–578
  205. Zochling J, Braun J, van der Heijde D. Assessments in ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20:521–537
  206. Naganathan V, Jones G, Nash P, et al. Vertebral fracture risk with long-term corticosteroid therapy. Prevalence and relation to age, bone density, and corticosteroid use. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2917–2922
  207. Friedrich M, Gittler G, Pieler-Bruha E. Misleading history of pain location in 51 patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:1797–1800
  208. Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Martin B, Emerson SS, Gray DT, Overman S, et al. Rapid magnetic resonance imaging vs radiographs for patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2810–2818
  209. Kim PSY, Hsu W. Discitis in an adult following acupuncture treatment: a case report. J Can Chirop Assoc. 2004;48:132–136
  210. Otani K, Konno S, Kikuchi S. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and nerve-root symptoms. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83:1137–1140
  211. Joines JD, McNutt RA, Carey TS, Deyo RA, Rouhani R. Finding cancer in primary care outpatients with low back pain: a comparison of diagnostic strategies. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:14–23
  212. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Khan MA, Braun J. Concepts and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20:401–417
  213. Maksymowych WP, Landewé R. Imaging in ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20:507–519
  214. Scutellari PN, Rizzati R, Antinolfi G, Malfaccini F, Leprotti S, Campanati P. The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of low back pain. A review of 2012 cases. Minerva Med. 2005;96:41–59
  215. Turpin S, Lambert R. Role of scintigraphy in musculoskeletal and spinal infections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001;39:169–189
  216. Shapiro S. Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 2000;25:348–351
  217. Ahn UM, Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, Garrett ES, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Spine. 2000;25:515–522
  218. Kostuik JP, Harrington I, Alexander D, Rand W, Evans D. Cauda equina syndrome and lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68:386–391
  219. Marshall KG. La colonne lombo-sacrée 4e partie: le syndrome de la queue de cheval. MedActuel FMC. 2004;11–12
  220. Assendelft WJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. Complications of spinal manipulation: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Fam Pract. 1996;42:475–480
  221. Dupeyron A, Vautravers Ph, Lecoq J, Isner-Horobeti ME. Complications following vertebral manipulation—a survey of a French region physicians. Évaluation de la fréquence des accidents liés aux manipulations vertébrales à partir d'une enquête rétrospective réalisée dans quatre départements français. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2003;46:33–40
  222. Haldeman S, Rubinstein SM. Cauda equina syndrome in patients undergoing manipulation of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1992;17:1469–1473
  223. Patijn J. Complications in manual medicine: a review of the literature. J Manual Med. 1991;6:89–92
  224. Bhalla S, Menias CO, Heiken JP. CT of acute abdominal aortic disorders. Radiol Clin North Am. 2003;41:1153–1169
  225. Ayling J. Gut feeling. Emerg Med Serv. 2003;32:37
  226. Crawford CM, Hurtgen-Grace K, Talarico E, Marley J. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: an illustrated narrative review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26:184–195
  227. Upchurch GR, Schaub TA. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73:1198–1204
  228. Lynch RM. Accuracy of abdominal examination in the diagnosis of non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Accid Emerg Nurs. 2004;12:99–107
  229. Rowe LJ, Yochum TR. Masquaraders of musculskeletal disease. In:  Yochum TR,  Rowe LJ editor. Essentials of skeletal radiology. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005;p. 1818–1824
  230. Mastracci TM, Cina CS, Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery . Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in Canada: review and position statement of the Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:1268–1276
  231. Powell JT, Brown LC. The natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms and their risk of rupture. Acta Chir Belg. 2001;101:11–16
  232. Wanhainen A, Bergqvist D, Boman K, Nilsson TK, Rutegard J, Bjorck M. Risk factors associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a population-based study with historical and current data. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:390–396
  233. Fleming C, Whitlock EP, Beil TL, Lederle FA. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a best-evidence systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:203–211
  234. Powell JT. Smocking, lung function and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm. The UK small aneurysm trial participant. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2000;19:636–642
  235. Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. In: 15th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001;p. 1431
  236. Kent KC, Zwolak RM, Jaff MR, Hollenbeck ST, Thompson RW, Schermerhorn ML, et al Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: a consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:267–269
  237. Grimshaw G, Thompson JM. Changes in diameter of the abdominal aorta with age: an epidemiological study. J Clin Ultrasound. 1997;25:7–13
  238. Ballard DJ, Fowkes FG, Powell JT. Surgery for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;CD001835
  239. Henderson D, Chapman-Smith D, Miors S, Vernon H. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Clinical guidelines for chiropractic practice in Canada. Proceedings of a consensus conference commissioned by the Canadian Chiropractic Association. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1994;38(Supp.):145
  240. Beck RW, Holt KR, Fox MA, Hurtegen-Grace K. Radiographic anomalies that may alter chiropractic intervention strategies found in a New Zealand population. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:554–559
  241. Leo E, Biancari F, Nesi F, Pogany G, Bartolucci R, De Pasquale F, et al. Risk-scoring methods in predicting the immediate outcome after emergency open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Surg. 2006;192:19–23
  242. Cates JR. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical diagnosis and management. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:557–561
  243. Sparks AR, Johnson PL, Meyer MC. Imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am Fam Phys. 2002;65:1565–1570
  244. Collins RD. Differential diagnosis in primary care. In: 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003;p. 595
  245. In:  Foerster V,  Murtagh J,  Lentle BC,  Reed MH,  Husereau D,  Mensinkai S editor. CT and MRI for selected clinical disorders: A systematic review of clinical systematic reviews. 2005;[Monograph on the Internet] Technology report (59), CCOHTA. Available from: http://www.ccohta.ca
  246. Scaringe JG, Ketner C. Manual method for the treatment of rib dysfunction and associated functional lesions. Top Clin Chiro. 1999;6:20–38
  247. Erwin WM, Jackson PC, Homonko DA. Innervation of the human costovertebral joint: implications for clinical back pain syndromes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:395–403
  248. Gregory PL, Biswas AC, Batt ME. Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall in athletes. Sports Med. 2002;32:235–250
  249. Jondeau G, Boileau C, Chevallier B, Delorme G, Digne F, Guiti C, et al. Marfan syndrome. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2003;96:1081–1088
  250. Jondeau G, Muti C, Boileau C. Aortic aneurysms excluding Marfan's syndrome. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2003;96:1074–1080
  251. Kaptoge S, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Lunt M, O'Neill TW, Silman AJ, et al. When should the doctor order a spine X-ray? Identifying vertebral fractures for osteoporosis care: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1982–1993
  252. Angeli A, Guseppe G, Dovio A, Capelli G, de Feo D, Gionnini S, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy: a cross-sectional outpatient study. Bone. 2006;39:253–259
  253. Melton LJ, Kallmes DF. Epidemiology of vertebral fractures: implications for vertebral augmentation. Acad Radiol. 2006;13:538–545
  254. Plan d'action contre l'ostéoporose: Une stratégie de lutte contre l'ostéoporose en Ontario. Rapport du Comité du Plan d'action contre l'ostéoporose au ministère de la Santé et des Soins de longue durée. [Monograph on the Internet.] Préparé en partenariat avec la Société de l'ostéoporose du Canada. 2003. [cited 2005 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca.
  255. Nguyen HV, Ludwig S, Gelb D. Osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures with neurologic compromise. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16:10–19
  256. Hanley DA. Osteoporosis. In:  Gray J editors. Therapeutic choices. 4th ed.. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2003;p. 636
  257. Brown JP, Josse RG. Lignes directrices de pratique clinique 2002 pour le diagnostic et le traitement de l'ostéoporose au Canada. CMAJ. 2003;168(6 Suppl):SF1–SF38
  258. Cappuccio FP, Meilahn E, Zmuda JM, et al. High blood pressure and bone mineral loss in elderly white women: a prospective study. Lancet. 1999;354:971–975
  259. Yaffe K, Browner W, Cauley J, et al. Association between bone mineral density and cognitive decline in older women. J Am Soc Geriatr Dent. 1999;47:1176–1182
  260. D'Amelio P, Tamone C, Pluviano F, Di Stefano M, Isaia G. Effects of lifestyle and risk factors on bone mineral density in a cohort of Italian women: suggestion for a new decision rule. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005;77:72–78
  261. Pafumi C, Ciotta L, Farina M, Bosco P, Chiarenza M, Pernicone G, et al. Evaluation of bone mass in young amenorrheic women with anorexia nervosa. Minerva Ginecol. 2002;54:487–491
  262. Misra M, Aggarwal A, Miller KK, Almazan C, Worley M, Soyka LA, et al. Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1574–1583
  263. Cooper C, Westlake S, Harvey N, Javaid K, Dennison E, Hanson M. Review: developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture. Oteoporos Int. 2006;17:337–347
  264. Cockayne S, Adamson J, Lanham-New S, Shearer MJ, Gilbody S, Torgerson DJ. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1256–1261
  265. Goodman LR, Warren MP. The female athlete and menstrual function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:466–470
  266. Rud B, Jensen JEB, Mosekilde L, Nielsen SP, Hilden J, Abrahamsen B. Performance of four clinical screening tools to select peri- and early postmenopausal women for dual X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporo Int. 2005;16:764–772
  267. Cook RB, Collins D, Tucker J, Zioupos P. Comparison of questionnaire and quantitative ultrasound techniques as screening tools for DXA. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1565–1575
  268. Mauck KF, Cuddihy MT, Atkinson EJ, Melton LJ. Use of clinical prediction rules in detecting osteoporosis in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:530–536
  269. Cadarette SM, McIsaac WJ, Hawker GA, Jakkimainen L, Culbert A, Zarifa G, et al. The validity of decision rules for selecting women with primary osteoporosis for bone mineral density testing. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:361–366
  270. Goulay ML, Miller WC, Richy F, Garett JM, Hanson LC, Reginster JY. Performance of osteoporosis assessment tools in postmenopausal women aged 45–64 years. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:921–927
  271. Brenneman SK, Lacroix AZ, Bruist DS, Chen YT, Abbot TA. Evaluation of decision rules to identify postmenopausal women for intervention related osteoporosis. Dis Manag. 2003;6:159–168
  272. Duan Y, Duboeuf F, Munoz F, Delmas PD, Seeman E. The fracture risk index and bone mineral density as predictors of vertebral structural failure. Osteoporosis Int. 2006;17:54–60
  273. Sran MM, Khan KM. Is spinal mobilization safe in severe secondary osteoporosis? A case report. Man Ther. 2006;11:344–351
  274. Lips P, Cooper C, Agnusdei D, Caulin F, Egger P, Johnell O, et al. Quality of life in patients with vertebral fractures: validation of the quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO). Working Party for Quality of Life of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:150–160
  275. Hashidate H, Kamimura M, Nakagawa H, Takahara K, Uchiyama S. Pseudoarthrosis of vertebral fracture: radiographic and characteristic clinical features and natural history. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11:28–33
  276. Sran MM, Khan KM. Physiotherapy and osteoporosis: practice behaviour and clinicians' perceptions—a survey. Man Ther. 2004;10:21–27
  277. Takahara K, Kamimura M, Nakagawa H, Hashidate H, Uchiyama S. Radiographic evaluation of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2007;14:122–126
  278. Osteoporosis overview. 2006;[Monograph on the Internet], National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Disease-Resource Center; [cited 2006 May 15]. Available from: http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Osteoporosis/default.asp
  279. Johnell O, Kanis J. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:3–7
  280. Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury. 2006;37:691–697
  281. Sran MM, Kahn KM, Zhu Q, Mckay HA, Oxland TR. Failure characteristics of the thoracic spine with a posteroanterior load: investigating the safety of spinal mobilization. Spine. 2004;29:2382–2388
  282. Haldeman S, Rubinstein SM. Compression fractures in patients undergoing spinal manual therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:450–454
  283. Shvartzman P, Abelson A. Complication of chiropractic treatment for back pain. Postgrad Med 1988; 83:57-8, 61.
  284. Sran M, Khan KM, Keiver K, Chew JB, McKay HA, Oxland TR. Accuracy of DXA scanning of the thoracic spine: cadaveric studies comparing BMC, areal BMD and geometric estimates of volumetric BMD against ash weight and CT measures of bone volume. Eur Spine J. 2005;14:971–976
  285. In:  Maitland GD,  Banks K,  English K,  Hengeveld E editor. Maitland's Verterbral Manipulation. 6th ed.. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann; 2001;p. 472
  286. Ernst E. Chiropractic spinal manipulation for (osteoporotic) back pain. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:195–196
  287. Haldeman S, Chapman-Smith D, Peterson DM. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. In: Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publisher; 1992;p. 174
  288. Bougie JD. Geriatric practice-specific issues. Chap 54. In:  Haldeman S,  Dagenais S, et al. editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. 3rd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 1223
  289. Bagger YZ, Tankó LB, Alexandersen P, Qui G, Christiansen C. Radiographic measure of aorta calcification is a site-specific predictor of bone loss and fracture at the hip (prospective epidemiological risk factors study group). J Intern Med. 2006;259:598–605
  290. Schwab F, Dubey A, Gamez L, El-Fegoun AB, Hwang K, Pagala M, et al. Adult scoliosis: prevalence, SF-36, and nutritional parameters in an elderly volunteer population. Spine. 2005;30:1082–1085
  291. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA. 2003;289:559–567
  292. Aebi M. The adult scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2005;14:925–948
  293. Scoliosis Research Society [monograph on the Internet]. Depth review of scoliosis. 2000. Available from: http://www.srs.org.
  294. Boulanger YL, Faucet R. Les déviations du rachis. In:  Dupuis M,  Leclaire R editor. Pathologie médicale de l'appareil locomoteur. Québec: Edisem; 1991;p. 309–340
  295. Karachalios T, Sofianos J, Roidis N, Sapkas G, Korres D, Nikolopoulos K. Ten-year follow-up evaluation of a school screening program for scoliosis. Is the forward-bending test an accurate diagnostic criterion for the screening of scoliosis?. Spine. 1999;24:2318–2324
  296. Schwab F, Dubey A, Pagala M, Gamez L, Farcy JP. Adult scoliosis: a health assessment analysis by SF-36. Spine. 2003;15:602–606
  297. Berven S, Deviren V, Demir-Deviren S, Hu SS, Bradford DS. Studies in the modified Scoliosis Research Society Outcome Instrument in adults: validation, reliability, and discriminatory capacity. Spine. 2003;28:2164–2169
  298. Murata Y, Takahashi K, Hanaoka E, Utsumi T, Yamagata M, Moriya H. Changes in scoliotic curvature angle during early phase of degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Spine. 2002;27:2268–2273
  299. Levy AR, Golberg MS, Mayo NE, Hanley JA, Poitras B. Reducing the life time risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1996;21:1540–1548
  300. Morin DM, Lonstein JE, Stovall M, Hacker DG, Luckyanov N, Land CE. Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography: findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study. Spine. 2000;25:2052–2063
  301. Schwab F, Smith VA, Biserni M, Gamez L, Farcy JP, Pagala M. Adult scoliosis: a quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis. Spine. 2002;27:387–392
  302. Glassman SD, Berven S, Bridwell K, Horton W, Dimar JR. Correlation of radiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in adult scoliosis. Spine. 2005;30:682–688
  303. Toyone T, Tanaka T, Kato D, Kaneyama R, Otsuka M. Anatomic changes in lateral spondylolistheis associated with adult lumbar scoliosis. Spine. 2005;30:E671–E675
  304. Schwab F, el-Fegoun AB, Gamez L, Goodman H, Farcy JP. A lumbar classification of scoliosis in the adult patient: preliminary approach. Spine. 2005;15:1670–1673
  305. Danielsson AJ, Nachemson AL. Radiographic findings and curves progression 22 years after treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: comparison of brace and surgical treatment with matching control group of straight individuals. Spine. 2001;26:516–525
  306. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The factors associated with neck pain and its related disability in the Saskatchewan population. Spine. 2000;25:1109–1117
  307. Honet JC, Ellenberg MR. What you always wanted to know about the history and physical examination of neck pain but were always afraid to ask. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003;14:473–491
  308. In:  Triano JJ,  Kawchuk G,  Gudavalli MR,  Haneline MT,  Hill MD,  Wynd S editor. Current concepts spinal manipulation and cervical arterial incidents. Clive, Iowa: NCMIC Insurance Company; 2006;
  309. Côté P, Kreitz B, Cassidy D, Thiel H. The validity of the extension-rotation test as a screening procedure before neck manipulation: a secondary analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:159–164
  310. Licht P, Christensen HW, Øilund-Carlsen HPF. Is there a role for premanipulative testing before cervical manipulation?. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:175–179
  311. Mann T, Refshauge M. Causes of complications from cervical manipulation. Aust J Physiother. 2001;47:255–266
  312. Zeina C, Grant R, Johnson C, Dansie B, Taylor J, Spyropolous P. The effect of cervical rotation on blood flow in the contralateral vertebral artery. Man Ther. 2003;8:103–109
  313. Westaway MD, Stratford P, Symons B. False-negative extension/rotation pre-manipulative screening test on a patient with an atretic and hypoplastic vertebral artery. Man Ther. 2003;8:120–127
  314. Thiel H, Rix G. Is it time to stop functional pre-manipulation testing of the cervical spine?. Man Ther. 2005;10:154–158
  315. Mäkelä M, Heliovaara M, Sievers K, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1356–1367
  316. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Caroll L. The Saskatchewan Health and Back pain survey—The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine. 1998;23:1689–1698
  317. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Kristman V. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2004;112:267–273
  318. The Canadian Chiropractic Association and the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory Boards, Clinical Practice Guidelines Development Initiative, Guidelines Development Committee (GDC) comprising , Anderson-Peacock E, Blouin R, Bryans N, Danis A, et al. Chiropractic Practice Guidelines for Nontraumatic Acute Neck Pain in Adults. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2005;49:158–209
  319. Gay RE. The curvature of the cervical spine: Variations and significance—Reviews of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:591–594
  320. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Yong-Hing K, Sibley J, Loewy J. Apophysial joint degeneration, disc, degeneration, and sagittal curve of the cervical spine. Spine. 1997;22:859–864
  321. McAviney J, Schulz D, Bock R, Harrison DE, Holland B. Determining the relationship between cervical lordosis and neck complaints. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:187–193
  322. Grob D, Frauenfelder H, Mannion AF. The association between cervical spine curvature and neck pain. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:669–678
  323. Harrison DD, Harrison DE, Janik TJ, Cailliet R, Ferrantelli JR, Haas JW, et al. Modeling of the sagittal cervical spine as a method to discriminate hypolordosis: results of elliptical and circular modeling in 72 asymptomatic subjects, 52 acute neck pain subjects, and 70 chronic neck pain subjects. Spine. 2004;29:2485–2492
  324. Dreyer SJ, Boden SD. Nonoperative treatment of neck and arm pain. Spine. 1998;23:2746–2754
  325. Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, Mulder PGH, Hoek GVD, Broek T, Vleeming A, et al. Upper limb tension tests as tools in the diagnosis of nerve and plexus lesions anatomical and biomechanical aspects. Clin Biomech. 2000;15:9–14
  326. Uitvlught G, Idenbaun S. Clinical assessment of atlantoaxial instability using the Sharp-Purser test. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;84:370–374
  327. Uchihara T, Furukawa T, Tsukagoshi H. Compression of brachial plexus as a diagnostic test of cervical cord lesion. Spine. 1994;19:2170–2173
  328. Viikari-Juntura E, Prrsa M, Laasonen EM. Validity of clinical tests in the diagnosis of root compression in cervical disc diseases. Spine. 1989;14:253–257
  329. Viikari-Juntura E, Takala E, Riihimäki H, Martikainen R, Jäppinen P. Predictive validity of signs in the neck and shoulders. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:800–808
  330. Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon M, Kurlan LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994;117:325–335
  331. Malanga GA, Landes P, Nadler SF. Provocative tests in cervical spine examination: historical basis and scientific analyses. Pain Physician. 2003;6:199–205
  332. Wainner RS, Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Boringer ML, Delitto A, Allison S. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination and patient self-measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2003;28:52–62
  333. Rubinstein SM, Pool JJ, van Tulder MW, Riphagen II, de Vet HC. A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:307–319
  334. Fehling MG, Skaf G. A review of the pathophysiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy with insights for potential novel mechanisms drawn from traumatic spinal injury. Spine. 1998;23:2730–2737
  335. Duus P. Innervation musculaire segmentaire et périphérique. In: Diagnosis neurologique—Les bases anatomiques. 6th ed.. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université; 1998;p. 85
  336. Debois V, Herz R, Berghmans D, Hermans B, Herregots P. Soft cervical disc herniation. Influence of cervical canal measurements on development of neurologic symptoms. Spine. 1999;24:1996–2002
  337. Ellenberg M, Honet JC, Treanor WJ. Cervical radiculopathy—Review article. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:342–352
  338. Dougherty P, Bajwa S, Burke J, Dishman JD. Spinal manipulation postepidural injection for lumbar and cervical radiculopathy: a retrospective case series. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:449–456
  339. Oppenheim JS, Spitzer DE, Segal DH. Nonvascular complications following spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2005;5:660–666
  340. Murphy DR, Hurwitz EL, Gregory A, Clary R. A nonsurgical approach to the management of patients with cervical radiculopathy: a prospective observational cohort study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:279–287
  341. Souza TA. In: Differential diagnosis and management for the chiropractor—Protocols and algorithms. 2nd ed.. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Aspen Publication; 2001;p. 43
  342. Mercado AC, Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Cote P. Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain. Pain. 2005;11:51–57
  343. van der Donk J, Schouten JS, Passchier J, Romunde LK, Valkenburg HS. The association of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical spine and personality traits in a general population. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1884–1889
  344. Marchiori DM, Henderson CN. A cross-sectional study correlating cervical radiographic degenerative findings to pain and disability. Spine. 1996;21:2747–2752
  345. Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Murray P. Neck pain: A long-term follow-up of 205 patients. Spine. 1987;12:1–5
  346. Gore DR. Roentgenographic findings in the cervical spine in asymptomatic persons. A ten year follow-up. Spine. 2001;26:2463–2466
  347. Peterson C, Bolton J, Wood AR, Humphreys BK. A cross-sectional study correlating degeneration of the cervical spine with disability and pain in United Kingdom patients. Spine. 2003;28:129–133
  348. Kauppi M, Neva MH. Sensitivity of lateral view cervical spine radiographs taken in the neutral position in atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17:511–514
  349. Swinkels RAHM, Oostendorp RAB. Upper cervical instability: facts or fiction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:185–194
  350. Boden SD, McCowin PR, Davis DO, Dina TS, Mark AS, Wiesel S. Abnormal magnetic resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1990;72:1178–1184
  351. Lehto IJ, Tertti MO, Komu ME, Paajanen HE, Tuominen J, Kormano MJ. Age-related MRI changes at 0.1 T in cervical discs in asymptomatic subjects. Neuroradiology. 1994;36:49–52
  352. Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Suzuki N, Nishi Y, Nakamura M, Yabe Y, et al. MRI of cervical discs in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998;80-B:19–24
  353. Dvorák J. Epidemiology, physical examination and neurodiagnostics. Spine. 1998;23:2663–2673
  354. Haldeman S, Kholbeck FJ, McGregor M. Stroke, cerebral artery dissection, and cervical spine manipulative therapy. J Neurol. 2002;249:1098–1104
  355. Abdu WA, Provencher ML. Primary bone and metastatic tumors of the cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:2767–2777
  356. Shah AN, Pietrobon R, Richardson WJ, Myers BS. Patterns of tumor spread and risk of fracture and epidural impingement in metastatic vertebrae. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16:83–89
  357. Melsom RD, Benjamin JC, Barnes CG. Spontaneous atlantoaxial subluxation: an unusual presenting manifestation of Reiter's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48:170–172
  358. Ramos-Remus C, Gomez-Vargas A, Gizman-Guzman JL, Jimenez-Gil F, Gamez-Nava JI, et al. Frequency of atlantoaxial subluxation and neurologic involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:2120–2125
  359. Rogers LF. The congenital malformation syndromes: osteochondrodysplasias, dysostoses, and chromosomal disorders. In:  Jhul JH,  Crummy AB editor. Essential of radiologic imaging. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1987;p. 314
  360. Toussirot E, Benansour A, Bonneville JF. Atlantoaxial subluxation in an ankylosing spondylitis patient with cervical spine ossification. Br J Rheumatol. 1997;36:293–295
  361. Taybi H. Handbook of syndromes and metabolic disorders. Radiologic and clinical manifestations. Mosby, St. Louis (Mo). 1998. p. 46, 58, 174.
  362. Harger BL, Hoffman LE. Diagnostic imaging of the cervical spine. In:  Murphy DR editors. Conservative management of cervical spine syndromes. New York: McGraw-Hill Company; 2000;p. 376
  363. Guilles JT, Sherk HH. Congenital osseous anomaly of the upper and lower cervical spine in children—Current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A:277–288
  364. Reiter MF, Boden S. Inflammatory disorders of the cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:2755–2766
  365. Pool JJ, Hoving JL, de Vet HC, van Mameren H, Bouter LM. The interexaminer reproducibility of physical examination of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:84–90
  366. Cattrysse E, Swinkels RAHM, Oostendorp RAB, Duquet W. Upper cervical instability: are clinical tests reliable?. Man Ther. 1997;2:91–97
  367. Riise T, Jacobsen BK, Gran JT. High mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and atlantoaxial subluxation. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:2425–2429
  368. Baddoura R, Haddad S, Awada H, Al-Masri AF, Merheb G, Attoui S, et al. Severity of rheumatoid arthritis: the SEVERA study. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;15:1–5
  369. Wolfs JF, Peul WC, Boers M, van Tulder MW, Brand R, van Houwelingen HJ, et al. Rationale and design of The Delphi Trial-I (RCT) 2: international randomized clinical trial of rheumatoid craniocervical treatment, an intervention-prognostic trial comparing ‘early’ surgery with conservative treatment [ISRCTN65076841]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:14
  370. Zatarain E, Strand V. Monitoring disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: contributions from clinical trials. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2:611–618
  371. Naranjo A, Carmona L, Gavrila D, Balsa A, Belmonte MA, Tena X, et al. EMECAR Study Group. Prevalence and associated factors of anterior atlantoaxial luxation in a nation-wide sample of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22:427–432
  372. Bouchaud-Chabot A, Liote F. Cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. A review. Joint Bone Spine. 2002;69:141–154
  373. Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Toyama Y. Usefulness and reliability of neurological signs for level diagnosis in cervical spine myelopathy caused by soft cervical disc herniation. J Spinal Disord. 1996;9:317–321
  374. Matsumoto M, Ishikawa M, Ishii K, Nishizawa T, Maruiwa H, Nakamura M, et al. Usefulness of neurological examination for diagnosis of the affected level in patients with cervical compressive myelopathy: prospective comparative study with radiological evaluation. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;2:535–539
  375. Harrop JS, Hanna A, Silva MT, Sharan A. Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(1 Supp11):S14–S20
  376. Kadanka Z, Mares M, Bednarik J, Smrcka V, Krbec M, Chaloupka R, et al. Predictive factors for spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12:55–63
  377. Browder DA, Erhard RE, Piva SR. Intermittent cervical traction and thoracic manipulation for management of mild cervical compressive myelopathy attributed to cervical herniated disc: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:701–712
  378. Kukurin GW. The amelioration of symptoms in cervical spinal stenosis with spinal cord deformation through specific chiropractic manipulation: a case report with long-term follow-up. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:e7
  379. Andrews FJ. Transient neuropraxia associated with cervical spine stenosis. Emerg Med J. 2002;19:172–173
  380. Gilles LGF. Mechanisms of neurovascular compression within the spinal and intervertebral canals. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:1007–1011
  381. Merli J, Staas E. Acute transverse myelopathy: association with body position. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66:325–328
  382. Milkawa Y, Watanabe R, Fuse K. Quadraplegia caused by push-up exercises. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1994;113:174–175
  383. Patten J. In: Neurological differential diagnosis. 2nd ed.. London: Springer-Verlag; 1996;p. 258
  384. Vertichel P, Berthelot JL, Randriananja H, Crozier S, Masson C. Traumatic spinal complications of cervical arthrosis. Presse Med. 1996;17:230–234
  385. Pake WW, Whalen JL. Phrenic paresis—A possible additional spinal cord dysfunction induced by neck manipulation in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM): A report of two cases with anatomical and clinical considerations. Clin Anat. 2001;14:173–178
  386. An HS. Cervical spine trauma. Spine. 1998;23:2713–2729
  387. In:  Terret AGJ editors. Current concepts in Vertebrobasilar complications following spinal manipulation. 2nd ed.. Iowa: NCMIC Group Inc; 2001;p. 35–53
  388. Terret AJ. Vertebrobasilar stroke following spinal manipulation therapy. In:  Murphy D editors. Conservative management of cervical spine syndromes. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000;p. 562
  389. Haldeman S, Kohlbeck FJ, McGregor M. Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation. Spine. 1999;24:785–794
  390. Rubinstein SM, Peerdeman SM, van Tulder MW, Riphagen I, Haldeman S. A systematic review of the risk factors for cervical artery dissection. Stroke. 2005;36:1575–1580
  391. Rothwell DM, Bondy S, Williams JI. Chiropractic manipulation and stroke. A population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2001;32:1054–1060
  392. Smith WS, Johnson SC, Skalabrin EJ, Weaver M, Azari P, Albers GW, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection. Neurology. 2003;60:1424–1428
  393. Calvet D, Boutouysie P, Touze E, Laloux B, Mass JL, Laurent S. Increase stiffness of the carotid wall material in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Stroke. 2004;35:2078–2082
  394. Grau AJ, Brandt T, Forsting M, Winter R, Hacke W. Infection-associated cervical artery dissection. Stroke. 1997;28:453–455
  395. Pezzi A, Del Zotto E, Padovani A. Hyperhomocysteinemia. A potential risk factor for cervical artery dissection following chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine. J Neurol. 2002;249:1401–1403
  396. Allui RV, Mohan V, Komandur S, Chawda K, Chaudhuri JR, Husan Q. MTHFR C677T gene mutation as a risk factor for arterial stroke: a hospital based study. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12:40–44
  397. Bos MJ, Van Goor ML, Koudsataal JP, Dippel DW. Plasma homocysteine is a factor for recurrent vascular events in young patients with an ischaemic stroke or TIA. J Neurol. 2005;1–6
  398. Cacas JP, Bautista LE, Smeeth L, Sharma P, Hingorani AD. Homocysteine and stroke: evidence on a causal link from Mendelian randomisation. http://www.thelancet.com 2005; 365:224-232.
  399. Hankey GJ, Eikelboon JW. Homocysteine and stroke. http://www.thelancet.com 2005; 365:194-196.
  400. Rubinstein SM, Haldeman S, van Tulder MW. An etiologic model to help explain the pathogenesis of cervical artery dissection: implications for cervical manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:336–338
  401. Rosner AL. Chiropractic manipulation and stroke. Letters to the Editor. In: Stroke. vol. 32:2001;p. 2207–2208
  402. Haneline MT, Lewkovich G. Identification of internal carotid artery dissection in chiropractic practice. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2004;48:206–210
  403. Acar M, Degirmenci B, Yucel A, Albayrak R, Hatanir A. An evaluation of internal carotid artery and cerebral blood flow volume using color duplex sonography in patients with vertebral artery hypoplasia. Eur J Radiol. 2005;53:450–453
  404. Jeng JS, Yip PK. Evaluation of vertebral artery hypoplasia and asymmetry by color-coded duplex ultrasonography. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004;30:605–609
  405. Saito K, Kimura K, Nagatsuka K, Nagano K, Minematsu K, Ueno S, et al. Vertebral artery occlusion in duplex color-coded ultrasonography. Stroke. 2004;35:1068–1072
  406. Kizikilic O, Hurcan C, Mihmanli I, Oguzkurt L, Yildirim T, Tercan F. Color Doppler analysis of vertebral arteries: corrective study with angiographic data. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:1483–1491
  407. Johnson C, Grant R, Dansie B, Taylor J, Spyropolous P. Measurement of blood flow in the vertebral artery using colour duplex Doppler ultrasound: establishment of the reliability of selected parameters. Man Ther. 2000;5:21–29
  408. Rosner AL. Spontaneous cervical artery dissections: another perspective. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:124–132
  409. Mullins ME. Modern emergent stroke imaging: pearls, protocols, and pitfalls. Radiol Clin N Am. 2006;44:41–62
  410. Strêk P, Reroñ E, Maga P, Modrzejewski M, Szybist N. A possible correlation between vertebral artery insufficiency and degenerative changes in the cervical spine. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;255:437–440
  411. Gulsun M, Saatci I, Akata D, Ozman MN, Sennroglu L, Yucel T. Radiologic investigation of vertebral insufficiency and quantification of vertebrobasilar flow with magnetic resonance imaging. Tani Grisim Radyol. 2003;9:279–286
  412. Mitchell J. The vertebral artery: a review of anatomical, histopathological and functional factors influencing blood flow to the hindbrain. Physiother Theory Pract. 2005;21:23–36
  413. Symons BP, Leonard T, Herzog W. Internal forces sustained by the vertebral artery during spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:504–510
  414. Wingerchuk DM, Spencer B, Dodick DW, Demaerschalk BM. Migraine with aura is a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: a critically appraised topic. Neurologist. 2007;13:231–233
  415. Vaccaro AR, Klein GR, Flanders AE, Albert TJ, Balderston RA, Cotler JM. Long-term evaluation of vertebral artery injuries following cervical spine trauma using magnetic resonance angiography. Spine. 1998;23:789–794
  416. Friedman D, Flanders A, Thomas C, Millar W. Vertebral artery injury after acute cervical spine trauma: rate of occurrence as detected by MR angiography and assessment of clinical consequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:443–447
  417. Giacobetti FB, Vaccaro AR, Bos-Giacobetti MA, Deeley DM, Albert TJ, Farmer JC, et al. Vertebral artery occlusion associated with cervical spine trauma. A prospective analysis. Spine. 1997;15:188–192
  418. Veras LM, Pedraza-Gutierrez S, Castellanos J, Capellades J, Casamitjana J, Rovira-Canellas A. Vertebral artery occlusion after acute cervical spine trauma. Spine. 2000;25:1171–1177
  419. Schellinger PD, Schwab S, Krieger D, Fiebach JB, Steiner T, Hund EF, et al. Masking of vertebral artery dissection by severe trauma to the cervical spine. Spine. 2001;26:314–319
  420. Sim E, Vaccaro AR, Berzlanovich A, Pienaar S. The effects of staged cervical flexion–distraction deformities of the patency of the vertebral arterial vasculature. Spine. 2000;25:2180–2186
  421. Taneichi H, Suda K, Kajino T, Kaneda K. Traumatically induced vertebral artery occlusion associated with cervical spine injuries: prospective study using magnetic resonance angiography. Spine. 2005;30:1955–1962
  422. Beaudry M, Spence JD. Motor vehicle accidents: the most common cause of traumatic vertebrobasilar ischemia. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003;30:320–325

PII: S0161-4754(07)00314-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.11.003

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 33-88 , January 2008

Article Tools