Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S70-S86 , February 2009

The Burden and Determinants of Neck Pain in Workers: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

  • Pierre Côté, DC, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Centre of Research Expertise in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO), University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Public Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Pierre Côté, DC, PhD, Toronto Western Hospital, Fell Pavilion 4-124, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8
  • ,
  • Gabrielle van der Velde, DC

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Centre of Research Excellence in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO), University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • J. David Cassidy, DC, PhD, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Centre of Research Expertise in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO), University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Public Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • Linda J. Carroll, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, and the Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Canada
  • ,
  • Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • Lena W. Holm, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • ,
  • Eugene J. Carragee, MD, FACS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA; Orthopaedic Spine Center and Spinal Surgery Service, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, USA
  • ,
  • Scott Haldeman, DC, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • ,
  • Margareta Nordin, PT, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Orthopaedics and Environmental Medicine and Program of Ergonomics and Biomechanics, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Arts and Science, NY University, NY; Occupational and Industrial Orthopaedic Center (OIOC), NY University Medical Center, NY, USA
  • ,
  • Eric L. Hurwitz, DC, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
  • ,
  • Jaime Guzman, MD, MSc, FRCP(C)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia,Canada; Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare in BC, Canada
  • ,
  • Paul M. Peloso, MD, MSc, FRCP(C)

      Affiliations

    • Endocrinology, Analgesia and Inflammation, Merck & Co. Rahway, NJ, USA

References 

  1. Ostry A. In: From chainsaws to keyboards: injury and industrial disease in British Columbia. UBC Press; 2000;p. 27–45
  2. Waddell G, Aylward M, Sawney P. Back pain, incapacity for work and social security benefits: an international literature review and analysis. Social security in individual countries. The Royal Society of Medicine Press. 2002;113–285
  3. Silverstein BA, Viikari-Juntura E. Use of a prevention index to identify industries at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, back, upper extremity in Washington State, 1990–1998. Am J of Industrial Med. 2002;41:149–169
  4. Côté P, Kristman V, Vidmar M, et al. The prevalence and incidence of work absenteeism involving neck pain: a cohort of Ontario lost-time claimants. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S192–S198
  5. Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, C , ôté P, et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in workers. Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000 –2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S93–S100
  6. Nordin M, Carragee EJ, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Assessment of neck pain and its associated disorders. Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S101–S122
  7. Putz-Anderson V, Bernard BP, Burt S, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors: introduction and neck musculoskeletal disorders: evidence for work-relatedness. Bruce P Bernard 1997;1-7.
  8. Ariens GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, et al. Physical risk factors for neck pain. Scandinavian J of Work, Enviro & Health. 2000;26:7–19
  9. Ariens GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, et al. Psychosocial risk factors for neck pain: a systematic review. Am J of Industrial Med. 2001;39:180–193
  10. Spitzer WO. Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders. A mongraph for clinicians. Spine. 1987;12:S1–S59
  11. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, et al. Methods for the best evidence synthesis on neck pain and its associated disorders. The Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S33–S38
  12. van der Velde G, van Tulder M, C , ôté P, et al. The sensitivity of review results to methods used to appraise and incorporate trial quality into data synthesis. Spine. 2007;32:796–806
  13. Slavin RE. Best evidence synthesis: an alternative to meta-analytic and traditional reviews. Educational Researcher. 1986;15:5–11
  14. Slavin RE. Best evidence synthesis: an intelligent alternative to meta-analysis. J of Clin Epidem. 1995;48:9–18
  15. Altman DG, Lymann GH. Methodological challenges in the evaluation of prognostic factors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research & Treatment. 1998;52:289–303
  16. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L, et al. A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature. Spine. 2001;26:E445–E458
  17. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, et al. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2004;43:84–105
  18. Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in the general population. Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000 –2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S75–S82
  19. Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S83–S92
  20. Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, Carroll LJ, et al. The Burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S39–S51
  21. Holm LW, Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, et al. The burden and determinants of whiplash-associated disorders after traffic collisions: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(Suppl):S52–S59
  22. Kuzma JW. Basic Statistics for the Health Sciences. 3rd ed.. Mayfield Publishing Company; 1998;
  23. Akesson I, Schutz A, Horstmann V, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms among dental personnel; - lack of association with mercury and selenium status, overweight and smoking. Swedish Dental Journal. 2000;24:23–38
  24. Alexopoulos EC, Burdorf A, Kalokerinou A. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among nursing personnel in Greek hospitals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:289–294
  25. Cromie JE, Robertson VJ, Best MO. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapists: prevalence, severity, risks, responses. Physical Therapy. 2000;80:336–351
  26. de Zwart BC, Broersen JP, Frings-Dresen MH, et al. Musculoskeletal complaints in The Netherlands in relation to age, gender and physically demanding work. International Archives of Occupational & Environ Health. 1997;70:352–360
  27. Eriksen W. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in Norwegian nurses aides. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2003;76:625–630
  28. Fjellman-Wiklund A, Brulin C, Sundelin G. Physical and psychosocial work-related risk factors associated with neck-shoulder discomfort in male and female music teachers. Medical Problems of Performing Artists. 2003;18:33–41
  29. Friedrich M, Cermal T, Heiller I. Spinal troubles in sewage workers: epidemiological data and work disability due to low back pain. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 2000;73:245–254
  30. Gamperiene M, Stigum H. Work related risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the spinning industry in Lithuania. Occup & Environ Med. 1999;56:411–416
  31. Hagen KB, Magnus P, Vetlesen K. Neck/shoulder and low-back disorders in the forestry industry: relationship to work tasks and perceived psychosocial job stress. Ergonomics. 1998;41:1510–1518
  32. Lipscomb JA, Trinkoff AM, Geiger-Brown J, et al. Work-schedule characteristics and reported musculoskeletal disorders of registered nurses. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2002;28:394–401
  33. Molano SM, Burdorf A, Elders LA. Factors associated with medical care- seeking due to low-back pain in scaffolders. Am J of Industrial Med. 2001;40:275–281
  34. Ono Y, Imaeda T, Shimaoka M, et al. Associations of length of employment and working conditions with neck, shoulder and arm pain among nursery school teachers. Industrial Health. 2002;40:149–158
  35. Palmer KT, Cooper C, Walker-Bone K, et al. Use of keyboards and symptoms in the neck and arm: evidence from a national survey. Occupational Med. 2001;51:392–395
  36. Palmer KT, Walker-Bone K, Griffin MJ, et al. Prevalence and occupational associations of neck pain in the British population. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2001;27:49–56
  37. Trinkoff AM, Lipscomb JA, Geiger-Brown J, et al. Musculoskeletal problems of the neck, shoulder, back and functional consequences in nurses. Am J Ind Med. 2002;41:170–178
  38. Trinkoff AM, Brady B, Nielsen K. Workplace prevention and musculoskeletal injuries in nurses. J of Nursing Administration. 2003;33:153–158
  39. Trinkoff AM, Lipscomb JA, Storr CL, et al. Perceived physical demands and reported musculoskeletal problems in registered nurses. Am J Prev Med. 2003;24:270–275
  40. Cassou B, Derriennic F, Monfort C, et al. Chronic neck and shoulder pain, age, working conditions: longitudinal results from a large random sample in France. Occupational & Environ Med. 2002;59:537–544
  41. Serratos-Perez JN, Mendiola-Anda C. Musculoskeletal disorders among male sewing machine operators in shoemaking. Ergonomics. 1993;36:793–800
  42. Anderson R. The back pain of bus drivers. Prevalence in an urban area of California. Spine. 1992;17:1481–1488
  43. Eriksen W, Natvig B, Knardahl S, et al. Job characteristics as predictors of neck pain. A 4-year prospective study. J Occup Environ Med. 1999;41:893–902
  44. Brandt LP, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, et al. Neck and shoulder symptoms and disorders among Danish computer workers. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2004;30:399–409
  45. Hansson GA, Balogh I, Ohlsson K, et al. Impact of physical exposure on neck and upper limb disorders in female workers. Appl Ergon. 2000;31:301–310
  46. Luime JJ, Koes BW, Miedem HS, et al. High incidence and recurrence of shoulder and neck pain in nursing home employees was demonstrated during a 2-year follow-up. J of Clin Epidemol. 2005;58:407–413
  47. Leroux I, Dionne CE, Bourbonnais R, et al. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and associated factors in the Quebec working population. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 2005;78:379–386
  48. Aronsson G, Gustafsson K, Dallner M. Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presenteeism. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:502–509
  49. Milerad E, Ekenvall L. Symptoms of the neck and upper extremities in dentists. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 1990;16:129–134
  50. Shugars D, Miller D, Williams D, et al. Musculoskeletal pain among general dentists. General Dentistry. 1987;35:272–276
  51. Akesson I, Johnsson B, Rylander L, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders among female dental personnel–clinical examination and a 5-year follow-up study of symptoms. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 1999;72:395–403
  52. Finsen L, Christensen H, Bakke M. Musculoskeletal disorders among dentists and variation in dental work. Applied Ergono. 1998;29:119–125
  53. Rundcrantz BL, Johnsson B, Moritz U. Cervical pain and discomfort among dentists. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects. Part 1. A survey of pain and discomfort. Swedish Dental J. 1990;14:71–80
  54. Rundcrantz BL, Johnsson B, Moritz U. Pain and discomfort in the musculoskeletal system among dentists. A prospective study. Swedish Dental J. 1991;15:219–228
  55. Niedhammer I, Lert F, Marne MJ. Back pain and associated factors in French nurses. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 1994;66:349–357
  56. Smith DR, Choe MA, Jeon MY, et al. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms among Korean hospital nurses. International J of Occupational Safety & Ergon. 2005;11:431–440
  57. Smith DR, Wei N, Kang L, Wang RS. Musculoskeletal disorders among professional nurses in mainland China. J of Professional Nursing. 1920;390–395
  58. Smith DR, Wei N, Zhao L, et al. Musculoskeletal complaints and psychosocial risk factors among Chinese hospital nurses. Occup Med. 2004;54:579–582
  59. Kamwendo K, Linton SJ, Moritz U. Neck and shoulder disorders in medical secretaries. Part I. Pain prevalence and risk factors. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1991;23:127–133
  60. Rocha LE, Glina DM, Marinho MF, et al. Risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call center operators of a bank in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Industrial Health. 2005;43:637–646
  61. Rosecrance JC, Cook TM, Zimmermann CL. Active surveillance for the control of cumulative trauma disorders: a working model in the newspaper industry. J of Ortho & Sports Physical Ther. 1994;19:267–276
  62. Holmstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: Relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Spine. 1992;17:672–677
  63. Torp S, Riise T, Moen BE. Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among car mechanics: a descriptive study. Occup Med. 1996;46:407–413
  64. Burdorf A, Naaktgeboren B, Post W. Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal sickness absence and return to work among welders and metal workers. Occup & Environ Med. 1998;55:490–495
  65. Leclerc A, Niedhammer I, Landre MF, et al. One-year predictive factors for various aspects of neck disorders. Spine. 1999;24:1455–1462
  66. Ariens GA, Bongers PM, Hoogendoorn WE, et al. High quantitative job demands and low coworker support as risk factors for neck pain: results of a prospective cohort study. Spine. 2001;26:1896–1901
  67. Östergren PO, Hanson BS, Balogh I, et al. Incidence of shoulder and neck pain in a working population: effect modification between mechanical and psychosocial exposures at work? Results from a one year follow up of the Malmo shoulder and neck study cohort. J of Epidemiol & Community Health. 2005;59:721–728
  68. Jensen MV, Tuchsen F, Orhede E. Prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc in male professional drivers in Denmark, 1981–1990. A longitudinal study of hospitalizations. Spine. 1996;21:2352–2355
  69. Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Luukkonen R, et al. Longitudinal study on work related and individual risk factors affecting radiating neck pain. Occup & Environ Med. 2001;58:345–352
  70. Hagberg M, Thiringer G, Brandstrom L. Incidence of tinnitus, impaired hearing and musculoskeletal disorders among students enrolled in academic music education–a retrospective cohort study. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health. 2005;78:575–583
  71. Luime JJ, Kuiper JI, Koes BW, et al. Work-related risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of shoulder and neck complaints among nursing-home and elderly-care workers. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2004;30:279–286
  72. Smedley J, Inskip H, Trevelyan F, et al. Risk factors for incident neck and shoulder pain in hospital nurses. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:864–869
  73. Gerr F, Marcus M, Ensor C, et al. A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J of Industrial Med. 2002;41:221–235
  74. Korhonen T, Ketola R, Toivonen R, et al. Work related and individual predictors for incident neck pain among office employees working with video display units. Occup & Environ Med. 2003;60:475–782
  75. Jensen C. Development of neck and hand-wrist symptoms in relation to duration of computer use at work. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2003;29:197–205
  76. Wahlström J, Hagberg M, Toomingas A, et al. Perceived muscular tension, job strain, physical exposure, associations with neck pain among VDU users; a prospective cohort study. Occup & Environ Med. 2004;61:523–528
  77. Rugulies R, Krause N. Job strain, iso-strain, the incidence of low back and neck injuries. A 7.5-year prospective study of San Francisco transit operators. Social Science & Medicine. 2005;61:27–39
  78. Pietri-Taleb F, Riihimaki H, Viikari-Juntura E, et al. Longitudinal study on the role of personality characteristics and psychological distress in neck trouble among working men. Pain. 1994;58:261–267
  79. Viikari-Juntura E, Riihimaki H, Tola S, et al. Neck trouble in machine operating, dynamic physical work and sedentary work: A prospective study on occupational and individual risk factors. J of Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1411–1422
  80. Mason KT, Harper JP, Shannon SG. Herniated nucleus pulposus: rates and outcomes among U.S. Army aviators. Aviation Space & Environ Med. 1996;67:338–340
  81. Hamberg-van Reenen HH, Ariens GA, Blatter BM, et al. Physical capacity in relation to low back, neck, or shoulder pain in a working population. Occup & Environ Med. 2006;63:371–377
  82. van den Heuvel SG, Heinrich J, Jans MP, et al. The effect of physical activity in leisure time on neck and upper limb symptoms. Preventive Med. 2005;41:260–267
  83. Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, et al. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J of Occup Health Psychol. 1998;3:322–355
  84. Hannan LM, Monteilh CP, Gerr F, et al. Job strain and risk of musculoskeletal symptoms among a prospective cohort of occupational computer users. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 2005;31:375–386
  85. Ariens GA, Bongers PM, Douwes M, et al. Are neck flexion, neck rotation, sitting at work risk factors for neck pain? Results of a prospective cohort study. Occup & Environ Med. 2001;58:200–207
  86. Marcus M, Gerr F, Monteilh C, et al. A prospective study of computer users: II. Postural risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J of Industrial Med. 2002;41:236–249
  87. Gerr F, Marcus M, Monteilh C, et al. A randomised controlled trial of postural interventions for prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms among computer users. Occup & Environ Med. 2005;62:478–487
  88. Cole SR, Hernan MA. Fallibility in estimating direct effects. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:163–165
  89. Greenland S, Brumback B. An overview of relations among causal modelling methods. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:1030–1037
  90. Brewer S, Van ED, Amick BC, et al. Workplace interventions to prevent musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and disorders among computer users: a systematic review. J of Occup Rehabilitation. 2006;16:325–358
  91. Aasa U, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Angquist KA, et al. Relationships between work-related factors and disorders in the neck-shoulder and low-back region among female and male ambulance personnel. J of Occup Health. 2005;47:481–489
  92. Alamanos Y, Tsamandouraki K, Koutis A, et al. Working at the loom and musculoskeletal disorders in a female population of Crete, Greece. Scandinavian J of Social Med. 1993;21:171–175
  93. Andersen JH, Gaardboe O. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper limb among sewing machine operators: a clinical investigation. AmJ of Industrial Med. 1993;24:689–700
  94. Andersen JH, Gaardboe O. Prevalence of persistent neck and upper limb pain in a historical cohort of sewing machine operators. Am J of Industrial Med. 1993;24:677–687
  95. Andersen JH, Kaergaard A, Frost P, et al. Physical, psychosocial, individual risk factors for neck/shoulder pain with pressure tenderness in the muscles among workers performing monotonous, repetitive work. Spine. 2002;27:660–667
  96. Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Hedberg GE, Janlert U, et al. Determinants of self-reported neck-shoulder and low back symptoms in a general population. Spine. 1998;23:235–243
  97. Bergqvist U, Wolgast E, Nilsson B, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal workers: Individual, ergonomic, work organizational factors. Ergon. 1995;38:763–776
  98. Bernard B, Sauter S, Fine L, et al. Job task and psychosocial risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 1994;20:417–426
  99. Christensen H, Pedersen MB, Sjogaard G. A national cross-sectional study in Danish wood and furniture industry in working postures and manual materials handling. Ergon. 1995;38:793–805
  100. Dartigues JF, Henry P, Puymirat E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of recurrent cervical pain syndrome in a working population. Neuroepidemiol. 1988;7:99–105
  101. Demure B, Luippold RS, Bigelow C, et al. Video display terminal workstation improvement program: I. Baseline associations between musculoskeletal discomfort and ergonomic features of workstations. J of Occupa & Environ Med. 2000;42:783–791
  102. Ekberg K, Karlsson B, Axelson O, et al. Cross-sectional study of risk factors for symptoms in the neck and shoulder area. Ergon. 1995;38:971–980
  103. Evans RW, Evans RI, Carvajal S. Survey of injuries among West End performers. Occup & Environ Med. 1998;55:585–593
  104. Faucett J, Meyers J, Tejeda D, et al. An instrument to measure musculoskeletal symptoms among immigrant Hispanic farmworkers: validation in the nursery industry. J of Agricultural Safety & Health. 2001;7:185–198
  105. Fredriksson K, Alfredsson L, Koster M, et al. Risk factors for neck and upper limb disorders: results from 24 years of follow up. Occup & Environ Med. 1999;56:59–66
  106. Hales TR, Sauter SL, Peterson MR, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal users in a telecommunications company. Ergon. 1994;37:1603–1621
  107. Tharr D, Hoekstra E, Hurrell J, et al. Evaluation of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and job stress among teleservice center representatives. Applied Occup & Environ Hygiene. 1995;10:812–817
  108. Hunting KL, Welch LS, Cuccherini BA, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms among electricians. Am J of Industrial Med. 1994;25:149–163
  109. Hussain T. Musculoskeletal symptoms among truck assembly workers. Occup Med. 2004;54:506–512
  110. Johansson JA, Kadefors R, Rubenowitz S, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms, ergonomic aspects and psychosocial factors in two different truck assembly concepts. International J of Industrial Ergon. 1992;12:35–48
  111. Johansson JA. Psychosocial work factors, physical work load and associated musculoskeletal symptoms among home care workers. Scandinavian J of Psychol. 1995;36:113–129
  112. Josephson M, Lagerstrom M, Hagberg M, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms and job strain among nursing personnel: a study over a three year period. Occupational & Environ Med. 1997;54:681–685
  113. Krause N, Scherzer T, Rugulies R. Physical workload, work intensification, prevalence of pain in low wage workers: results from a participatory research project with hotel room cleaners in Las Vegas. Am J of Industrial Med. 2005;48:326–337
  114. Linton SJ. Risk factors for neck and back pain in a working population in Sweden. Work & Stress. 1990;4:41–49
  115. Rossignol AM, Morse EP, Summers VM, et al. Video display terminal use and reported health symptoms among Massachusetts clerical workers. J of Occup Med. 1987;29:112–118
  116. Mirbod SM, Yoshida H, Miyamoto K, et al. Subjective complaints in orthopedists and general surgeons. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 1995;67:179–186
  117. Murtomaa H. Work-related complaints of dentists and dental assistants. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 1982;50:231–236
  118. Nayha S, Videman T, Laakso M, et al. Prevalence of low back pain and other musculoskeletal symptoms and their association with work in Finnish reindeer herders. Scandinavian J Rheumatol. 1991;20:406–413
  119. Newman DG. GZ-induced neck injuries in Royal Australian Air Force fighter pilots. Aviation Space & Environ Med. 1997;68:520–524
  120. Nordander C, Ohlsson K, Balogh I, et al. Fish processing work: the impact of two sex dependent exposure profiles on musculoskeletal health. Occup & Environ Med. 1999;56:256–264
  121. Ohlsson K, Hansson GA, Balogh I, et al. Disorders of the neck and upper limbs in women in the fish processing industry. Occup & Environ Med. 1994;51:826–832
  122. Ohlsson K, Schutz A, Attewell R, et al. Selenium status in females with occupational cervico-brachial complaints. International Archives of Occup & Environ Health. 1988;61:167–169
  123. Pinzke S. Changes in working conditions and health among dairy farmers in southern Sweden. A 14-year follow-up. Annals of Agricultural & Environ Med. 2003;10:185–195
  124. Pocekay D, McCurdy SA, Samuels SJ, et al. A cross-sectional study of musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors in semiconductor workers. Am J of Industrial Med. 1995;28:861–871
  125. Ramel E, Moritz U. Self-reported musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in professional ballet dancers in Sweden. Scandinavian J of Rehabilitation Med. 1994;26:11–16
  126. Rantala MA, Ahlberg J, Suvinen TI, et al. Temporomandibular joint related painless symptoms, orofacial pain, neck pain, headache, psychosocial factors among non-patients. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2003;61:217–222
  127. Rising DW, Bennett BC, Hursh K, et al. Reports of body pain in a dental student population. J of the Am Dental Assoc. 2005;136:81–86
  128. Shannon HS, Woodward CA, Cunningham CE, et al. Changes in general health and musculoskeletal outcomes in the workforce of a hospital undergoing rapid change: a longitudinal study. J of Occup Health Psychol. 2001;6:3–14
  129. Skov T, Borg V, Orhede E. Psychosocial and physical risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, shoulders, lower back in salespeople. Occup & Environ Med. 1996;53:351–356
  130. Smith DR, Sato M, Miyajima T, et al. Musculoskeletal disorders self-reported by female nursing students in central Japan: a complete cross-sectional survey. International J of Nursing Studies. 2003;40:725–729
  131. Smith DR, Leggat PA. Musculoskeletal disorders among rural Australian nursing students. Australian J of Rural Health. 2004;12:241–245
  132. Tola S, Riihimaki H, Videman T, et al. Neck and shoulder symptoms among men in machine operating, dynamic physical work and sedentary work. Scandinavian J of Work, Environ & Health. 1988;14:299–305
  133. Torner M, Blide G, Eriksson H. Musculo-skeletal symptoms as related to working conditions among Swedish professional fisherman. Applied Ergon. 1988;19:191–201
  134. Williams NR, Dickinson CE. Musculoskeletal complaints in lock assemblers, testers and inspectors. Occup Med. 1997;47:479–484

 The manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s).

 No funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.

 Reprinted from Côté et al. The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers. Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine 2008;33:S60-S74. Reprinted with permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

PII: S0161-4754(08)00339-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.11.012

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S70-S86 , February 2009