Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S141-S175, February 2009

Treatment of Neck Pain: Noninvasive Interventions:

Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders

  • Eric L. Hurwitz, DC, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence and reprint requests to Eric L. Hurwitz, DC, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Mânoa, 1960 East-West Road, Biomed. D-104H, Honolulu, HI 96822
  • ,
  • Eugene J. Carragee, MD, FACS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
    • Orthopaedic Spine Center and Spinal Surgery Service, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA
  • ,
  • Gabrielle van der Velde, DC

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
    • Institute for Work and Health
    • Centre of Research Excellence in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO) University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital
    • Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • Linda J. Carroll, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, and the Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
  • ,
  • Margareta Nordin, PT, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedics and Environmental Medicine and Program of Ergonomics and Biomechanics, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University
    • Occupational and Industrial Orthopaedic Center (OIOC), New York University Medical Center, New York
  • ,
  • Jaime Guzman, MD, MSc, FRCP(C)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
    • Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare in British Columbia, Canada
  • ,
  • Paul M. Peloso, MD, MSc, FRCP(C)

      Affiliations

    • Endocrinology, Analgesia and Inflammation, Merck & Co. Rahway, NJ
  • ,
  • Lena W. Holm, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • ,
  • Pierre Côté, DC, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Work and Health
    • Centre of Research Excellence in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO) University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital
    • Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
    • Departments of Public Health Sciences and Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
  • ,
  • Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • J. David Cassidy, DC, PhD, DrMedSc

      Affiliations

    • Centre of Research Excellence in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO) University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions, Toronto Western Hospital
    • Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
    • Departments of Public Health Sciences and Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
  • ,
  • Scott Haldeman, DC, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA
    • Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA

Abstract 

Study Design

Best evidence synthesis.

Objective

To identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature from 1980 through 2006 on noninvasive interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders.

Summary of Background Data

No comprehensive systematic literature reviews have been published on interventions for neck pain and its associated disorders in the past decade.

Methods

We systematically searched Medline and screened for relevance literature published from 1980 through 2006 on the use, effectiveness, and safety of noninvasive interventions for neck pain and associated disorders. Consensus decisions were made about the scientific merit of each article; those judged to have adequate internal validity were included in our best evidence synthesis.

Results

Of the 359 invasive and noninvasive intervention articles deemed relevant, 170 (47%) were accepted as scientifically admissible, and 139 of these related to noninvasive interventions (including health care utilization, costs, and safety). For whiplash-associated disorders, there is evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial than usual care or physical modalities. For other neck pain, the evidence suggests that manual and supervised exercise interventions, low-level laser therapy, and perhaps acupuncture are more effective than no treatment, sham, or alternative interventions; however, none of the active treatments was clearly superior to any other in either the short- or long-term. For both whiplash-associated disorders and other neck pain without radicular symptoms, interventions that focused on regaining function as soon as possible are relatively more effective than interventions that do not have such a focus.

Conclusion

Our best evidence synthesis suggests that therapies involving manual therapy and exercise are more effective than alternative strategies for patients with neck pain; this was also true of therapies which include educational interventions addressing self-efficacy. Future efforts should focus on the study of noninvasive interventions for patients with radicular symptoms and on the design and evaluation of neck pain prevention strategies.

Key words: best evidence synthesis, cervical spine, neck pain, whiplash-associated disorder

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 The device(s)/drug(s) is/are FDA-approved or approved by corresponding national agency for this indication.

 Corporate/Industry, Foundation, and Professional Organizational funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.

 Reprinted from Hurwitz EL et al. Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions. Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine 2008;33:S123-S152. Reprinted with permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

PII: S0161-4754(08)00344-8

doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.11.017

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 2, Supplement , Pages S141-S175, February 2009