Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 203-209 , March 2009

Modulation of the Flexion-Relaxation Response by Spinal Manipulative Therapy: A Control Group Study

  • Kim Lalanne, DC, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Private Practice, Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
  • ,
  • Danik Lafond, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Full Time Professor, Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
  • ,
  • Martin Descarreaux, DC, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Full Time Professor, Département de chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
    • Corresponding Author InformationSubmit requests for reprints to: Martin Descarreaux, DC, PhD, Full Time Professor, Département de chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3604 Pavillon de chiropratique, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7

Received 10 July 2008 ,Revised 21 November 2008 ,Accepted 31 December 2008.

References 

  1. Ekman M, Janhagen S, Hunsche E, Jansson L. Burden of illness of chronic low back pain in Sweden: a cross-sectional, retrospective study in primary care setting. Spine. 2005;30:1777–1785
  2. Krismer M, Van Tulder M The Low Back Pain Group of the Bone and Joint Health Strategies for Europe Project. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Low back pain (non-specific). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:77–91
  3. Gutpa A. Analyses of myo-electrical silence of erectors spinae. J Biomech. 2001;34:491–496
  4. Floyd WF, Silver PH. Function of erectores spinae in flexion of the trunk. Lancet. 1951;1:133–134
  5. Colloca CJ, Hinrichs RN. The biomechanical and clinical significance of the lumbar erector spinae flexion-relaxation phenomenon: a review of literature. J Manipul Physiol Ther. 2005;28:623–631
  6. Geisser ME, Haig AJ, Wallbom AS, Wiggert EA. Pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:61–69
  7. Sarti MA, Lison JF, Monfort M, Fuster MA. Response of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon relative to the lumbar motion to load and speed. Spine. 2001;26:E421–E426
  8. Triano JJ, Schultz AB. Correlation of objective measure of trunk motion and muscle function with low-back disability ratings. Spine. 1987;12:561–565
  9. Lund JP, Donga R, Widmer CG, Stohler CS. The pain-adaptation model: a discussion of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and motor activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991;69:683–694
  10. Sihvonen T. Flexion relaxation of the hamstring muscles during lumbar-pelvic rhythm. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:486–490
  11. Descarreaux M, Lafond D, Jeffrey-Gauthier R, Centomo H, Cantin V. Changes in the flexion relaxation response induced by lumbar muscle fatigue. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008;9:0
  12. Olson MW, Li L, Solomonow M. Flexion-relaxation response to cyclic lumbar flexion. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004;19:769–776
  13. Olson M, Solomonow M, Li L. Flexion-relaxation response to gravity. J Biomech. 2006;39:2545–2554
  14. Coulter ID, Shekelle PG. Chiropractic in North America: a descriptive analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:83–89
  15. Ianuzzi A, Khalsa PS. Comparison of human lumbar facet joint capsule strains during simulated high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation versus physiological motions. Spine J. 2005;5:277–290
  16. Krekoukias G, Petty NJ, Cheek L. Comparison of surface electromyographic activity of erector spinae before and after the application of central posteroanterior mobilisation on the lumbar spine. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2007;[in press]
  17. Cramer G, Budgell B, Henderson C, Khalsa P, Pickar JG. Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: the state of the art and recommendations revisited. J manipul Physiol Ther. 2006;29:726–761
  18. Pickar JG. Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2002;2:357–371
  19. DeVocht JW, Pickar JG, Wilder DG. Spinal manipulation alters electromyographic activity of paraspinal muscles: a descriptive study. J Manipul Physiol Ther. 2005;28:465–471
  20. Bergmann TF, Peterson DH, Lawrence DJ. In: Chiropractic technique. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993;p. 803
  21. Merletti R, Lo Conte L, Avignone E, Guglielminotti P. Modeling of surface myoelectric signals—part I: model implementation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1999;46:810–820
  22. Watson PJ, Booker CK, Main CJ, Chen AC. Surface electromyography in the identification of chronic low back pain patients: the development of the flexion relaxation ratio. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1997;12:165–171
  23. Lehman GJ, Vernon H, McGill SM. Effects of a mechanical pain stimulus on erector spinae activity before and after a spinal manipulation in patients with back pain: a preliminary investigation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:402–406
  24. Indahl A, Kaigle AM, Reikeras O, Holm SH. Interaction between the porcine lumbar intervertebral disc, zygapophysial joints, and paraspinal muscles. Spine. 1997;22:2834–2840
  25. Holm S, Indahl A, Solomonow M. Sensorimotor control of the spine. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2002;12:219–234
  26. Nelson JM, Walmsley RP, Stevenson JM. Relative lumbar and pelvic motion during loaded spinal flexion/extension. Spine. 1995;20:199–204
  27. Pal P, Milosavljevic S, Sole G, Johnson G. Hip and lumbar continuous motion characteristics during flexion and return in young healthy males. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:741–747
  28. Lariviere C, Gagnon D, Loisel P. The effect of load on the coordination of the trunk for subjects with and without chronic low back pain during flexion-extension and lateral bending tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2000;15:407–416
  29. Neblett R, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ, Keeley J, Proctor T, Anagnostis C. Quantifying the lumbar flexion-relaxation phenomenon: theory, normative data, and clinical applications. Spine. 2003;28:1435–1446
  30. Ritvanen T, Zaproudina N, Nissen M, Leinonen V, Hanninen O. Dynamic surface electromyographic responses in chronic low back pain treated by traditional bone setting and conventional physical therapy. J Manipul Physiol Ther. 2007;30:31–37
  31. Marshall P, Murphy B. Changes in the flexion relaxation response following an exercise intervention. Spine. 2006;31:E877–E883
  32. Andersson EA, Oddsson LI, Grundstrom H, Nilsson J, Thorstensson A. EMG activities of the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles during flexion-relaxation and other motor tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1996;11:392–400
  33. Hodges PW. Changes in motor planning of feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles in low back pain. Exp Brain Res. 2001;141:261–266
  34. McGill S, Juker D, Kropf P. Quantitative intramuscular myoelectric activity of quadratus lumborum during a wide variety of tasks. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1996;11:170–172
  35. Hawk C, Long CR, Reiter R, Davis CS, Cambron JA, Evans R. Issues in planning a placebo-controlled trial of manual methods: results of a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8:21–32

PII: S0161-4754(09)00056-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.02.010

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
Volume 32, Issue 3 , Pages 203-209 , March 2009