If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password
Symptomatic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Confirmed Cervical Disk Herniation Patients: A Comparative-Effectiveness Prospective Observational Study of 2 Age- and Sex-Matched Cohorts Treated With Either Imaging-Guided Indirect Cervical Nerve Root Injections or Spinal Manipulative Therapy
Professor, Radiology Department, Orthopaedic University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, SwitzerlandProfessor, Chiropractic Medicine Department, Orthopaedic University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zürich, Switzerland
The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of overall improvement, pain reduction, and treatment costs in matched patients with symptomatic, magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed cervical disk herniations treated with either spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) or imaging-guided cervical nerve root injection blocks (CNRI).
Methods
This prospective cohort comparative-effectiveness study included 104 patients with magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation. Fifty-two patients treated with CNRI were age and sex matched with 52 patients treated with SMT. Baseline numerical rating scale (NRS) pain data were collected. Three months after treatment, NRS pain levels were recorded and overall “improvement” was assessed using the Patient Global Impression of Change scale. Only responses “much better” or “better” were considered “improved.” The proportion of patients “improved” was calculated for each treatment method and compared using the χ2 test. The NRS and NRS change scores for the 2 groups were compared at baseline and 3 months using the unpaired t test. Acute and subacute/chronic patients in the 2 groups were compared for “improvement” using the χ2 test.
Results
“Improvement” was reported in 86.5% of SMT patients and 49.0% of CNRI patients (P = .0001). Significantly more CNRI patients were in the subacute/chronic category (77%) compared with SMT patients (46%). A significant difference between the proportion of subacute/chronic CNRI patients (37.5%) and SMT patients (78.3%) reporting “improvement” was noted (P = .002).
Conclusion
Subacute/chronic patients treated with SMT were significantly more likely to report relevant “improvement” compared with CNRI patients. There was no difference in outcomes when comparing acute patients only.
Cervical nerve root compression (radiculopathy) can be severely disabling in some patients and is caused by either disk herniation or more commonly spinal degeneration affecting the intervertebral foramina and subsequent exiting nerve root.
The most common nerve roots to be involved are the C6 and C7 levels, with the symptoms arising because of compression of the nerve root, inflammation of the nerve root, or both.
Typical clinical signs and symptoms of cervical radiculopathy include pain in the distribution of the involved nerve root, paresthesias in a dermatomal pattern, weakness of the muscles innervated by the involved nerve root, and/or a decrease in the reflex.
The diagnosis of cervical nerve root compression is made with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. It is important, however, to recognize that disk protrusions seen on MRI are not always symptomatic, so it is critical that imaging abnormalities are linked to patient symptoms to determine whether or not the imaging findings are clinically relevant.
Patients with symptomatic cervical disk herniations are initially treated conservatively, with surgery reserved for those cases that remain unresponsive to conservative care.
A variety of different conservative treatments are used for these patients, including pain medications, physiotherapy treatment, lifestyle changes, nerve root injections, or even spinal manipulative therapy (SMT). However, most treatments, other than cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (cervical nerve root injections [CNRIs]), are not well documented with research evidence.
Recently, the use of imaging-guided CNRIs has come under scrutiny because of rare but extremely serious adverse events in some patients including ischemic myelopathy, transient or permanent tetraplegia, brain infarctions leading to death, and arterial dissections or cortical blindness.
Because of the risk of such serious adverse events, a few institutions have modified the procedure to significantly reduce these risks to the new procedure called the imaging-guided indirect CNRI.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
Comparing short-term outcomes of this new indirect approach with the traditional direct nerve root injection showed no significant differences in the level of pain reduction.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
The research evidence for SMT as a treatment for patients with symptomatic cervical disk herniations is sparse but slowly increasing, with a recent cohort outcomes study showing that more than 3/4 of patients with subacute and chronic symptoms reported clinically relevant improvement at 3 months after start of treatment.
Outcomes from magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation patients treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective cohort study with 3-month follow-up.
However, SMT to the cervical spine is not without controversy either. The issue of vertebral artery dissection and stroke after manipulation is often quoted.
Unfortunately, accurate estimations of the frequency of this association cannot be calculated because of its rarity but are estimated at 1 of 200,000 treatments to 1 in several million treatments.
It is also important to recognize that the natural history for patients with acute symptoms from disk herniation (less than 4-8 weeks) is reported to be favorable, and thus, it is difficult to determine whether or not improvement in acute patients undergoing various treatments including CNRIs or SMT is due to the treatment or to the natural history of the condition.
Randomized, controlled, clinical trials (RCTs) would be considered the “criterion standard” to compare specific treatments with patients not treated at all. However, subacute and especially chronic patients should have passed the time point for the effects of natural history to have occurred. Thus, evaluating the outcomes of these patients treated with various conservative therapies could provide useful evidence for clinicians.
Recently, comparative-effectiveness research has been promoted rather than RCTs to compare treatment outcomes for similar patients using databases from prospective cohort studies.
It is argued that patients in prospective cohort outcomes databases may be more representative of patients seen in daily clinical practice as compared with patients included in RCTs. Based on this premise, the purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of overall improvement, pain reduction, and treatment costs in age- and sex-matched patients with symptomatic, MRI-confirmed cervical disk herniations who were treated with either SMT or CNRI using a comparative-effectiveness prospective cohort design.
Methods
This is a comparative-effectiveness observational outcomes study on patients with symptomatic, MRI-confirmed cervical disk herniations. This study follows the same research protocol as done in a similar study using lumbar disk herniation patients.
Symptomatic magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed lumbar disc herniation patients: a comparative effectiveness prospective observational study of 2 age-and sex-matched cohorts treated with either high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy or imaging-guided lumbar nerve root injections.
One cohort of patients was from the radiology database for imaging-guided indirect CNRIs, and the other cohort was from the chiropractic medicine database for cervical SMT in cervical disk herniation patients. Both databases were started to monitor treatment outcomes as part of the research and quality assurance projects at this specialized orthopedic/rheumatology university hospital.
The CNRI patients were all treated in the radiology department at this hospital. The SMT patients were all treated by 1 of 3 different chiropractors in a single chiropractic practice which is involved in research studies with the university chiropractic medicine department. There was no crossover of patients switching treatments or having both interventions. Data for the CNRI patients were collected between January 2010 and August 2013. Data for the SMT patients were collected between October 2010 and February 2014. Patients in the 2 cohorts were age and sex matched (±2 years) blinded to the clinical outcomes, providing 52 patients in each group (Fig 1). As no further data collection telephone calls are being done for the CNRI patients, no additional subjects will be available from this treatment cohort for age and sex matching in the future. Thus, this study uses a convenience sample. Orthopaedic University Hospital Balgrist and the Canton of Zürich ethics committees approval was obtained before starting both databases (EK-08/2009 and EK-21/2009), and all patients signed informed consent. In both cohorts, the patients’ clinical signs and symptoms had to correspond to the MRI findings of disk herniation level.
Exclusion criteria for SMT patients included specific pathologies of the cervical spine that are contraindications for spinal manipulative treatment such as fractures, inflammatory arthropathies, infections, tumors, severe osteoporosis, and Paget disease.
Outcomes from magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation patients treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective cohort study with 3-month follow-up.
Exclusion criteria for CNRIs included bacterial infection and bleeding diathesis. Relative contraindications included allergy to injected drugs and corticosteroid intolerance.
Before the first SMT treatment or the CNR injection, all patients were required to indicate their current pain level (baseline) using the 11-point numerical rating scale for pain (NRS) where 0 = no pain and 10 = the worst pain imaginable. Three months after the first SMT treatment or CNRI, follow-up data collection was done using telephone interviews. These were done by research assistants from the university hospital unknown to the patients. One research assistant phoned only the CNRI patients, whereas a different research assistant phoned only the SMT patients. Therefore, they were not blinded to the treatment applied. The NRS for pain was used to assess the current pain level experienced by the patient at 3 months. In addition, the Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale was used to evaluate overall improvement in terms of disability, function, and well-being. The PGIC is a 7-item scale and includes the responses much better, better, slightly better, unchanged, slightly worse, worse, and much worse.
Outcomes from magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation patients treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective cohort study with 3-month follow-up.
Symptomatic magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed lumbar disc herniation patients: a comparative effectiveness prospective observational study of 2 age-and sex-matched cohorts treated with either high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy or imaging-guided lumbar nerve root injections.
This was the primary outcome measure. All other patients were classified as not improved including the response slightly better. In addition, the responses slightly worse, worse, and much worse were considered as worsening of the condition. This was a secondary outcome measure, as were the NRS 3-month actual scores and the 3-month NRS change scores.
Duration of complaint data was routinely collected before the first SMT treatment and available for all patients in this cohort. A review of the electronic patient files was done to obtain these same data for all CNRI patients. This was categorized as acute (≤4 weeks) or subacute/chronic (>4 weeks).
Cervical Indirect Nerve Root Injection Procedure
All cervical indirect nerve root injections were performed as outpatient procedures with computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopic guidance (40–detector row CT, Philips Brilliance; Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) by musculoskeletal radiologists experienced in spinal interventions using the detailed protocol previously published.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
Injections were performed under sterile conditions using a 23-gauge needle aimed at the lateral aspect of the relevant facet joint. Using CT fluoroscopy, the needle was advanced until it touched the bone of the facet joint. An injection of 0.5 mL iopamidol (Iopamiro 200, 200 mg of iodine per milliliter; Bracco, Milan, Italy) was performed to verify the correct position of the needle tip. The contrast distribution was monitored with a single CT fluoroscopic scan (4 slices with a slice thickness of 3.75 mm; field of view, 15 cm; bone window setting). Following the injection of contrast, 4 mg (1 mL) of the nonparticulate corticosteroid preparation dexamethasone (Fortecortin Inject; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was slowly injected. This was followed by a slow injection of 1 mL of 0.2% ropivacaine (Naropin 0.2%; Astra-Zeneca, Södertälje, Sweden) (Fig 2).
Outcomes from magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation patients treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective cohort study with 3-month follow-up.
All patients were treated in the same way by 1 of the 3 chiropractors with between 6 and 30 years of clinical experience working together in the same practice and who had all completed the 2-year postgraduate residency program mandatory in Switzerland. The goal was to produce an audible release, which was reported in most patients. Treatments were repeated 3 to 5 times per week for the first 2 to 4 weeks and then 1 to 3 times per week thereafter if needed. No additional therapeutic measures were done during the chiropractic visits.
Statistical Analysis
In addition to descriptive statistics, the proportion of patients reporting clinically relevant “improvement” (responses of “much better” or “better” on the PGIC scale) were calculated for each treatment group and compared using the χ2 statistic. This was the primary outcome measure. In addition, the proportion of patients reporting “worsening” of their condition was also calculated and compared using the χ2 test. The χ2 test was also used to compare the proportions of “acute” and “subacute/chronic” patients between the 2 treatment groups as well as to compare the proportions of patients “improved” or “worse” for each treatment in each of these 2 chronicity categories.
The baseline and 3-month NRS scores were compared using the paired Student t test for each of the treatment groups individually. The baseline and 3-month NRS scores were compared between the 2 groups using the unpaired t test to assess for significant differences. In addition, the unpaired t test was used to compare the 3-month NRS change scores for significant differences. The median 3-month PGIC scores were also assessed for differences using the Mann-Whitney U test as these data were nonparametric.
The proportion of patients treated at the specific cervical nerve root levels was calculated for each of the 2 treatments.
The average treatment cost for the SMT patients was calculated, and the actual treatment cost for the CNRI procedure was obtained from the hospital billing department.
Results
Of the 104 patients included in this study, 26 were female (35%) and 68 were male (65%). The mean age was 44.6 years (SD = 7.74) with an age range of 24-66 years. Table 1 shows the frequency of targeting the specific nerve roots for each of the 2 treatments. The C6 and C7 nerve roots were the most frequently involved for both groups.
Table 1Proportion of Patients Treated at the Specific Nerve Root Levels
When looking at all patients in the 2 treatment groups, 86.5% of the SMT patients reported clinically relevant “improvement” at 3 months compared with 49.0% of CNRI patients (P = .0001) (Table 2). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients in the acute or subacute/chronic categories between the 2 treatment groups. The CNRI patients were much more likely to be subacute or chronic (P = .0001) (Table 3). There was no significant difference in the proportion of acute patients reporting improvement between the 2 treatment groups, as most of these patients improved (Table 3). However, when evaluating the subacute/chronic patients only, 78.3% of the SMT patients reported clinically relevant improvement at 3 months compared with 37.5% of CNRI patients (P = .002).
Table 2Comparison of Improvement and Worsening Between NRI and SMT Patients
Table 3Comparison of Chronicity Category Between CNRI and SMT Patients as Well as the Proportion of Patients With Relevant “Improvement” Within the Chronicity Categories
Patients
CNRI
SMT
P Value
Acute pts only (sx ≤ 4 wk)
n = 12 (23%)
n = 28 (54%)
.0001
Subacute & chronic pts only
n = 40 (77%)
n = 24 (46%)
.0001
% with relevant “improvement” acute @ 3 mo
90.9
93.1
NS
% with relevant “improvement” subacute/chronic @ 3 mo
There was no significant difference in the baseline NRS scores between the 2 treatment groups, and a statistically significant decrease in the mean NRS scores at 3 months for both cohorts was found (Table 4). However, the NRS change score at 3 months was significantly higher for the SMT group, and the median PGIC score was significantly lower (Table 4).
Table 4Comparison of Mean Pretreatment and 3-Month NRS Scores Within Each Group and Between the 2 Groups as Well as Comparison of the PGIC Median Scores at 3 Months and Mean NRS Change Scores Between the 2 Groups
The average cost per patient for the SMT cohort was CHF 973.48, and the actual cost per patient for the CNRI group was CHF 931.01.
Discussion
This is the first study to have the necessary resources and databases to be able to compare the outcomes of 2 different conservative treatments for patients suffering from cervical radiculopathy. Although not a randomized, blinded, clinical trial, using these prospective cohort outcomes databases allows the inclusion of patients who are representative of those seen in routine clinical practice and follows the recommendations of Tinetti and Studenski
Although the outcomes for the cervical disk herniation patients treated with SMT were markedly better than those treated with CNRI, some of this difference is due to the fact that a significantly higher proportion of patients in the CNRI cohort were subacute/chronic. Indeed, when comparing the outcomes for only the acute patients (symptoms < 4 weeks), there was no significant difference between the 2 treatments, as most of the acute patients improved. Much of this may be due to the natural history of the condition and not related to the specific treatment.
Therefore, it was important to compare the outcomes for those patients with symptoms longer than 4 weeks. This did reveal a significant difference between the SMT- and CNRI-treated patients, with more than 78% of the SMT cohort reporting clinically relevant improvement compared with 37.5% of those treated with CNRI. However, it is important to point out that the CNRI patients only received a single nerve root block treatment, whereas the SMT patients were treated several times based on their follow-up clinical assessments during the 3-month time period from baseline to collection of the outcome data. This may have influenced the results in favor of the SMT cohort even though the literature reports that a single nerve root injection containing corticosteroid and anesthetic may result in at least a 50% reduction in pain (considered clinically relevant improvement) for 3-6 months.
The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically guided cervical transforaminal injections of steroids: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data.
However, when comparing the results of the entire CNRI cohort of 52 patients in this study where 49% were “improved” at 3 months with the shorter-term 1-month outcomes of all CNRI patients (n = 195) currently listed in the radiology database, there is surprisingly little difference, as only 43% of patients reported clinically relevant improvement even at the 1-month data collection time point.
Therefore, the longer data collection time point of 3 months does not appear to have been a negative factor in the proportion of clinically improved CNRI patients. Comparing the treatment costs between the SMT and CNRI patients shows a minimal difference of only CHF 42.47 even though the SMT patients were treated multiple times.
A recently published systematic review on the effectiveness of CNRI states that the minimal standard of a successful outcome is at least 50% relief of radicular pain that lasts a minimum of 4 weeks postinjection and further states that the quality and quantity of the research studies on direct, transforaminal nerve root injections are low.
The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically guided cervical transforaminal injections of steroids: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data.
The various studies included in this systematic review reported a range of postinjection data collection time points as well as clinically relevant improvement in as few as 20% of patients to as many as 56%. The results from this current study of 49% of CNRI patients reporting clinically relevant improvement are better than those reported in a recent retrospective practice audit where only 35.4% of patients receiving a direct transforaminal nerve root block had at least a 50% pain reduction 1 month postinjection.
Response to transforaminal injection of steroids and correlation to MRI findings in patients with cervical radicular pain or radiculopathy due to disc herniation of spondylosis.
A comparison of our results with those previously published is important because the method of injection in this current study is the so-called indirect nerve root block procedure, whereas the results in all previous research studies used the direct transforaminal approach.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
As reported in detail in a previous publication, this indirect nerve root block procedure should have a much lower level of potential risk for serious adverse events compared with the traditional direct transforaminal approach due to the injection technique, and yet the outcomes, at least in the medium term, are comparable.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
Unfortunately, there are no similar outcome studies with which to compare the SMT patients, as spinal manipulation has often been considered a controversial treatment for patients with known cervical disk herniations and radiculopathy. There were no adverse events in either of the 2 treatment cohorts in this study, and none of the SMT patients reported that they were worse at the 3-month data collection time point.
Limitations
As noted previously, this is not a randomized, blinded, clinical trial (RCT), so the outcomes cannot be directly attributed to the treatments. A follow-up RCT should be done and would be possible in the university clinical environment of this hospital which includes chiropractic medicine as an integral component of the university teaching within the faculty of medicine and the hospital therapeutic options. The sample sizes are also relatively small with 52 patients per group. However, further telephone data collection for the CNRI cohort has ceased, and thus, additional patients are not available. This factor should not have negatively influenced the results because even with these relatively small sample sizes, large statistical and more importantly clinically significant differences were found for the subacute/chronic patients.
There was no attempt to match the patients for comorbidities in this study, and that may be a limitation because many of the CNRI patients referred to this hospital are complex patients. Importantly, however, there was no difference in the baseline NRS scores between the 2 groups as was found when doing the lumbar disk herniation similar study.
Symptomatic magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed lumbar disc herniation patients: a comparative effectiveness prospective observational study of 2 age-and sex-matched cohorts treated with either high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy or imaging-guided lumbar nerve root injections.
Although the treatment costs between the 2 groups were very similar, no attempt was made to collect associated costs or time off work data to do a proper cost-effectiveness comparison.
Conclusion
Most acute patients with MRI-confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniations treated with either CNRI or SMT reported clinically relevant improvement at 3 months with no significant difference in outcomes between the 2 treatment methods. However, when comparing the 3-month outcomes for the subacute/chronic patients, more than 78% of patients treated with SMT reported clinically relevant improvement compared with 37.5% of patients receiving a single CNRI. The treatment costs between the 2 groups were very similar. There were no adverse events for either cohort.
Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest
The following provided funding for this study: Vontobel Stiftung, Zürich, Switzerland; European Chiropractor’s Union; The Balgrist Foundation; and Uniscientia Foundation. No conflicts of interest were reported for this study.
Contributorship Information
Concept development (provided idea for the research): C.K.P., C.W.A.P., J.H., S.L., C.S., B.A., B.K.H.
Design (planned the methods to generate the results): C.K.P., S.L., C.S., B.K.H., J.H., C.W.A.P.
Supervision (provided oversight, responsible for organization and implementation, writing of the manuscript):C.K.P.
Data collection/processing (responsible for experiments, patient management, organization, or reporting data): S.L., C.S., B.A., C.W.A.P., J.H.
Analysis/interpretation (responsible for statistical analysis, evaluation, and presentation of the results): C.K.P.
Literature search (performed the literature search): C.K.P.
Writing (responsible for writing a substantive part of the manuscript): C.K.P.
Critical review (revised manuscript for intellectual content; this does not relate to spelling and grammar checking): C.W.A.P., J.H., S.L., C.S., B.A., B.K.H.
Practical Applications
•
Subacute and chronic patients treated with spinal manipulation were statistically and clinically significantly more likely to report improvement at 3 months compared with the nerve root injection cohort.
•
There was no significant difference in outcomes between acute patients treated with cervical nerve root blocks and those treated with spinal manipulation at 3 months.
•
There were no adverse events for patients in either treatment group.
•
The cost of treatment was similar for the 2 treatment procedures.
References
Radhakrishnan K
Litchy WJ
O’Fallon WM
Kurland LT
Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990.
CT-guided cervical nerve root injections: comparing the immediate post-injection anesthetic-related effects of the transforaminal injection with a new indirect technique.
Outcomes from magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed symptomatic cervical disk herniation patients treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy: a prospective cohort study with 3-month follow-up.
Symptomatic magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed lumbar disc herniation patients: a comparative effectiveness prospective observational study of 2 age-and sex-matched cohorts treated with either high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulative therapy or imaging-guided lumbar nerve root injections.
The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically guided cervical transforaminal injections of steroids: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data.
Response to transforaminal injection of steroids and correlation to MRI findings in patients with cervical radicular pain or radiculopathy due to disc herniation of spondylosis.
00051-8&id=gr1.jpg){kind=link}
00051-8&id=gr2.jpg){kind=link}